The Self-Concept of Father-Absent Children in Middle Childhood Essay

The Self-Concept of Father-Absent Children in Middle ChildhoodMans individuality embodies numerous traits and self-concept holds the predominant of these traits according to Rogers. It helps the person understand personality and loving development, for it is through the developing self-concept that man form increasingly stable picture of their selves, partly, reflected by others in their surroundings (Craig1996,p.367). As the person interacts with his environment, such as associate groups, school, community and most especially the family, these concepts be constructed. Many developmentalists believe that infants be born without a sense of self (Shaffer, 1989), therefore, we can say that we develop our self-image as we continuously grow.Families are believed to be the first, the closest, and most influential social group in the childs life. They provide children with the definition of right and wrong, the patterns of behaviors, the expectations and the evaluations of actions on wh ich children bagful their own ideas (Craig, 1996). It is in the family where a child spends a great portion of his life mainly during the formative years. It is from the family that he receives his earliest training in puritanical behavior. Thus, it is the family which plays the major role in the development of his self-image (Medina, 1991). As a child grow, he begins to realize who he really is and what he is and at the same time aware of his capability.The persons general view of self is made up of other, more specific concepts, including the nonacademics sefl-concept, self-concept in English, and self-concept in mathematics. This self-concept evolves through constant self-evaluation incorporeal situation (Shavelson & Bolus, 1992). Children and adolescents are continually comparing their performance with their own standards and with the performance of peer and excessively gauge the verbal and nonverbal reactions of significant people. Moreover, a compatible home environment can create confidence in ones own perspective of himself because it provides not only a place of residence but also an identity of mutual security and support (Sevilla, 1989). However, through the changing nature of the family structure, there are broken families and marital dissolution. Single parent families, usually are fatherless, continuously growing up which affect both their childrens ... ...hey are free to ask questions. Furthermore, the researcher will assure the subjects that the test results will be treated with utmost confidentiality.Scoring ProcedureThe instruction of the scoring will be taken form the manual fo the test instruments. Corresponding points are provided for each answer. Then the number points are counted. Scoring will follow a given equivalent and through the local norms of the test, the level of self-concept of the subjects will be identified. REFERENCESCraig, Grace. Human Development, 7th edition. New Jersey Prentice Hall, Inc. 1996Davidson, Kenneth J.J r Marriage and Family Change and Continuity. Massachusetts Ally and Bacon Simon & Schuster Co., 1996Elliot, Stephen N. et al. Educational Psychology Effective Teaching/Effective Learning. second edition. USA Brown and Benchmark Publishing,1996Tan, Earnest L. The Development of Self-Concept Quezon City. Values Education Program of Mirian College Graduate School, 1991.Medina, Belen T.G. The Filipino Family A text with selected Readings. Philippines Office of Research Coordination, U.P. 1991Easten,Nina J. Los Angeles cartridge holder Magazine, 9June 1992) 15-16, 18, 44-46.

The Marx Brothers :: Research Papers

The Marx BrothersIn his book entitled Creating Minds, Howard Gardner (1993) engaged in a thorough study of notional thinking. He did this by studying the lives of particular(a) creators in seven different domains in search of trends that could be readily identified and, perhaps, even help to paint a clearer picture of what the ingredients for creativity are. afterward examining these creators lives he came to some conclusions based on the trends he identified and formed a model of creativity. In order to test both his model and his findings, it is obligatory to extend the search (and study) beyond his initial seven great creators. In doing this it becomes possible to refute or add credence to his conclusions. This extension also allows for advertize questions to be asked.During the reading of Creating Minds I happened upon an interesting thought Could Gardners model for creative individuals be applied to the study of a creative gathering? Furthermore, would a aggroup show simi lar trends in their creative development? If I was going to attempt to answer this question I decided I would have to chuck out what a creative group was. I defined a creative group as a group of individuals producing a single creative work. The creativity of this work must be a result of the combination of the individuals strengths being pooled (as equally as possible) to produce an output that could not have been produced by whatever of the individuals on their own. The group would be analogous to Gardners individual creator, and the groups combination of mental talents would parallel the individual creators personal array of intellectual strengths. Having defined what a creative group was, it became necessary to ask perhaps an even more important question Could such a group exist? If so, could an example be launch? The answer to both questions, I decided, was yes. But who? My ponderings on this subject invariably brought me to the Marx Brothers, kings of comedy. My MethodIn hi s study Gardner had followed the lives of his chosen creators and examined the progression of their works as a function of the creator and his or her surroundings. It would be difficult to treat the progression of a group in precisely the same manner. If I chose to treat the group as a single unit and reported on its progress and surroundings, the workings of its component creators could be lost.

Looking for God :: Papers

Looking for immortal Where are you supposed to look for idol? How are you to look for God, and does it help to decide what sort of thing you are looking for first? What kind of thing is God? Looking from the perspective of someone with no previous faith, looking for general revelation, I would have to say you have to perceive what you think is God-like first. If you ask the majority of people with a faith what God is like, they would probably say all good and all-powerful. So are you looking for general signs of goodness, beauty, power and awe? If you are then you can rule out decision God in evil, ugliness, weakness and un-impressiveness. Or can you? I know that black isnt white, but people thought Hitler was good beauty is in the eye of the beholder, so an ugly person to me might be stunningly beautiful to someone else the queen bee is supreme over mere drones, however it looks a bit pathetic in equality to even simple humans and David Beckhams ma tch and free kick against Greece last year left thousands of footy fans awe-struck, yet my brother just couldnt see what the fuss was about. God is deeply personal, so will be found in different places for everyone. If you thought that The Miracle Of life was completely un-earthly, and could only be explained with a super-human being, then I flirt I could find half a dozen more that just think we are here accidentally. IMAGEIMAGEIMAGEIf you are solely looking for good, you can soothe find it in atrocities. In Sept. 11 you could find God in the power and awe of it all, but also in those brave people whose spirit never wavered, in those volunteers determined to help, in those fore-fighters who gave their life to save others, those selfless rescuers, counsellors, vicars, children. Osama tried to devastate American spirit and attitude as well as massacre, but he failed in crushing the love and goodness in peoples heats and minds.

Description, Function, Attribution, and Analysis of a Red-figure Type B

The durability of clay has brought forth an immense abundance of Grecian pottery, a craft mastered by Athenian artists. Archeologists have found hundreds of varieties in creation, shape, function, dah, and artwork in Archaic vases. The museum has been blessed with angiotensin converting enzyme of these priceless artifacts it is the job of this establishment to accumulate as much data as possible surrounding the vase. In first identifying technique, dimensions, and condition, as well as describing shape, ornament, and nonliteral scenery, one may then begin to analyze the vase. This serves the general purpose of understanding where the artifact stands in Greek culture and history. Through the examination and research of figural scenes, it is then possible to compare these to other scenes and styles of the same and other painters. Finally, one can then hypothesize where, why, and how this piece was used. The Athenian vase can be determine as a red-figure Type B Kylix. The height of the vase vacillates between 12.1 and 12.3 centimeters, and the diameter of the foot is roughly 12.5 centimeters. Whereas the diameter of the mouth varies between 33.1 and 33.5 centimeters, the diameter with handles is close to 41.5 centimeters. The vase is in all restored, a condition in which pieces on the body of the vase are glued back together. The bottom of the foot is decorated with subsidiary ornamentation, but the design cannot be distinguished due to the condition of the kylix. A reserved save band runs around the step of the foot. Beneath the artwork is subsidiary ornamentation in the style of circumscribed and horizontal palmettes. A reserved line lies where the lower body meets the stem. The body of the kylix joins into the stem without an abrupt junction, and the foot is convex in profile. on the exterior, two handles curve upwards along opposite sides of the kylix. Both the upper surface and the inside of the handles are reserved, with the area of the body behind them. The single figural scene on the front body of the kylix roughly depicts a battle between centaurs and human characters. It also includes animal figures. Starting from the left, there is a bearded and mustached male centaur with long, pointed ears. Above the waist, his head and bare torso are human below the waist, his buttocks, legs, and hooves resemble the body of a horse. He clenches a spear from behind in his left h... ...comparing the kylix with those of an earlier and later date, one can see that the Greeks were an extremely progressive culture that could make leaps and leap in art in only a matter of two decades. Though the ideal Greek concept of hero depicts Heracles as impassive and courageous in this kylix, Euripides suggests that the society also honored his grounded qualities like love, emotion, and sympathy. These conjectures are an important addition to current knowledge of ancient Greece as archeologists move towards further provoke discoveries. Alan H. Griff iths, Centaurs, Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford Oxford University Press), 309J.D. Beazley, 1984, Attic Red Figure Vase Painters, Vol. 2 (New York Hacker Art Books), 124-127A.T. Clark, 2002, Understanding Greek Vases (Los Angeles J Paul Getty Museum), 53M.G. Kanowski, 1984, Containers of Classical Greece (New York University of Queensland Press), 63-67J. Boardman, 1975, Athenian Red Figure Vases, The Archaic Period (London Thames and Hudson), 121, ill. 170J. Falconer and T. Mannack, 2002, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum (Oxford Oxford University Press), 925, ill. 19

The Use of Settings in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë Essay -- Charlott

The Use of Settings in Jane Eyre by Charlotte BrontIn this essay, I will be examining three contrasting locations used inCharlotte Bronts novel Jane Eyre and discussing their uses towardsthe story. The three settings I am to consider are the red-room atGateshead Hall, Lowood Institution where Jane attends school, andJanes first sight at Thornfield Hall the house in which she becomesemployed as a Governess.The first setting I am going to discuss is the red-room at GatesheadHall. Gateshead is the house in which Jane lives as a child after bothher parents die. Jane is sent there to live with her Uncle and hisfamily. Her Uncle dies shortly after her arrival and so she is leftwith her wicked aunty Reed and her three cousins. Jane is sent to thered-room as a punishment, following an incident where John throws abook at her and she retaliates as he continues to physically struther. The room itself is descri posteriorSquare chamber, very seldom slept in and this room happens to beone of th e largest and stateliest chambers in the mansionThe room is non-surprisingly dominated with the people of color red. Thefurniture is made from deep polished mahogany, the walls were a softfawn colour with a blush of pink in it and the curtains draped aroundthe four-poster bed were red. We soon find out that this room was infact the room where Uncle Reed had died.It was in this chamber he had breathed his last here he lay instate hence his coffin was borne by the undertakers men and, sincethat day, a sense of dreary consecration had guarded it from frequent attackJane becomes extremely frightened by the whole sinister atmosphere ofthe room, and worsens her state of mind with the thoughts ... ...tory would be entirely different. They keep thereader interested, not only in the story, but also in Jane. The readergrows to love Jane as a strong and brave character and I enjoyedseeing how she managed to cope with such difficult situations. Ithought it was interesting to find out that wh en Bront firstpublished the book Jane Eyre, she was not permitted to publish underher fe masculine name. She had to create a male name for herself. I thinkits a shame that Bront was not given credit as the true author, butthankfully the system has changed now, although you whitethorn have noticedthat the policy has not been completely abolished. Joanne Rowling,author of Harry Potter, had her name initialised to J.K Rowling, asnot to deter male readers from reading it. All in all, I reallyenjoyed reading and analysing Charlotte Bronts infamous novel, JaneEyre.

The Use of Settings in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë Essay -- Charlott

The Use of Settings in Jane Eyre by Charlotte BrontIn this essay, I will be examining three different locations used inCharlotte Bronts refreshing Jane Eyre and discussing their uses towardsthe story. The three settings I am to consider are the red- direction atGateshead Hall, Lowood Institution where Jane attends school, andJanes first sight at Thornfield Hall the house in which she becomes active as a Governess.The first setting I am going to discuss is the red-room at GatesheadHall. Gateshead is the house in which Jane lives as a child later bothher parents die. Jane is sent there to live with her Uncle and hisfamily. Her Uncle dies shortly after her arrival and so she is leftwith her wicked Aunt Reed and her three cousins. Jane is sent to thered-room as a punishment, following an incident where John throws abook at her and she retaliates as he continues to physically bullyher. The room itself is describedSquare chamber, very seldom slept in and this room happens to beone of th e largest and stateliest chambers in the mansionThe room is non-surprisingly dominated with the colour red. Thefurniture is made from deep garmented mahogany, the walls were a softfawn colour with a blush of pink in it and the curtains draped aroundthe four-poster bed were red. We soon acknowledge out that this room was infact the room where Uncle Reed had died.It was in this chamber he had breathed his last here he lay instate hence his coffin was borne by the undertakers men and, sincethat day, a sense of dreary consecration had guarded it from frequentintrusionJane becomes extremely frightened by the building block sinister atmosphere ofthe room, and worsens her state of mind with the thoughts ... ...tory would be entirely different. They keep the indorser interested, non only in the story, but also in Jane. The readergrows to love Jane as a strong and brave character and I enjoyedseeing how she managed to cope with such difficult situations. Ithought it was interesting to find out that when Bront firstpublished the book Jane Eyre, she was not permitted to publish underher female name. She had to create a male name for herself. I thinkits a shame that Bront was not given credit as the true author, butthankfully the system has changed now, although you may have noticedthat the policy has not been completely abolished. Joanne Rowling,author of Harry Potter, had her name initialised to J.K Rowling, asnot to deter male readers from reading it. All in all, I reallyenjoyed reading and analysing Charlotte Bronts infamous novel, JaneEyre.

Argumentative Essay Eng 101

In the small village of Taiji, there is a hidden cove where Nipponese fishermen slaughter thousands of dolphins each year. The massacre of these dolphins goes on for six months out of the year. The dolphins are driven in to captive by using torturous under irrigate noises and vast nets to trap them in to this cove where they are slaughtered. Some of the dolphins are killed in the cove, by fishermen cutting their throats with knives or stabbing them with spears, while others are taken off set down into trucks and dragged by their tails to be killed later.The surrounding water is bright red with the blood of these dolphins and the air is filled with their frightening screams. Besides the abuse and unnecessary violent deaths of these graceful creatures, another issue that is going unnoticed is that the dolphin union is filled with mercury and being consumed by the Nipponese unknowingly. The last major issue is dolphinariums supporting the Japanese fisherman by paying thousands o f dollars for selected dolphins to live in captivity for entertainment purposes. The massacre of dolphins taking place in the small killing cove in Taiji is absolutely horrific.Not only are these creatures being killed for unnecessary reasons, but they are being hurt in the serve. The chase starts off with fishermen driving dour metal rods into the ocean and pounding on them with hammers to create a sound barrier that will frighten the dolphins. Once the dolphins hear this noise, they panic and swim toward the shallow cove. This grueling chase can continue for up to eight hours and once they are in the cove, nets are placed to ensure that they will not escape. proterozoic the next morning, after the dolphins have been entrapped all night, the fishermen come in small boats to slaughter the dolphins.They drive long metal spears into their bodies, slit their throats, and sometimes cover their blowholes to inundate them. While these innocent dolphins fight for their lives the fish ermen have absolutely no guilt or remorse for what they are doing. The dolphins are being killed for no reason in particular, in fact, the Japanese fishermen view what they do as a form of pest control. The Japanese government tell the fishermen that dolphins are pests that eat too many another(prenominal) fish, but the real reason for fishery declines is over-fishing, climate change, and pollution. (http//www. campaign-whale. org. campaigns/Japan/dolphins)Another pressing issue that has been covered up is the consumption of dolphin meat unknowingly. The meat is highly pollute with mercury and is not safe for human consumption. Levels of mercury in the human body poses serious health risks, especially to pregnant women and children. The contaminated dolphin meat is falsely packaged, and people are consuming this food believing that it is high-end fish meat. The mercury filled meat is also ending up in school lunches and children are coming down with serious illnesses and deformit ies due to the carelessness of the fishermen packing this meat.Hypothetically, if dolphin meat was safe for consumption, it is highly unbelievable that 23,000 dolphins request to be killed each year to meet consumption needs. Dolphin meat sold to the Japanese people is highly contaminated with mercury, methyl mercury, cadmium, DDT and PCBs. The Japanese government provides no warning that eating dolphin meatposes a serious health hazard. (http//www. guardian. co. uk/film/movie/ 132131/cove. ) Perhaps the most shocking fount of the dolphin drive hunt is the active role that some dolphinariums play in sustaining the hunt.The fishermen of Taiji would will drive a large school of dolphins into the small killing cove, and dolphins trainers flock to the scene to find the best-looking dolphins for their display facilities. By doing business with the fishermen and paying up to 200,000 dollars a dolphin, they are maintaining the dolphin drive slaughters. The growing selection process drags on for several hours, and some dolphins die from either shock, injuries, or exhaustion. During this time some make frantic attempts at staying at the surface of the water, but their pectoralis fins have been dislocated or broken.An injured dolphin is worth nothing to the aquarium industry and the dolphin trainers simply hall the dying dolphins back into the water and dump them, showing no emotion whatsoever. (http//www. savejapandolphins. org/faq. php) Dophinariums that purchase dolphins claim that they are saving the dolphins from slaughter, however, this is entirely inaccurate. The only save the ones that can be commercially put-upon and leave the rejects to be killed by the fishermen.There are many facts to support that the killing of the dolphins in Japan is unnecessary, brutal, and morbidly wrong. The way that these animals are chased and tortured before they have to endure an excruciating death is heart wrenching. This is an issue that is ongoing despite the continuous attem pts to stop what is happening. The only way to stop the killings is to notice them to the world. The goal of trying to get footage of the slaughters is for awareness purposes because the more that this issue become exploited, the better chance there is to stop what is happening to these dolphins.

Philosophy of Curriculum Essay

My philosophy of course of study as it pertains to this course and through my new eyes at the end of the course, points to the constructivist-style curriculum as the closely logical, meaningful, purposeful, intellectual, and authentic exemplars to model after. Focusing on a more educational description of constructivism, the meaning is intimately connected with experience. I conceptualize students come into a classroom with their own experiences and a cognitive structure based on those experiences. These preconceived structures are valid, invalid or incomplete. The bookman will reformulate his/her live structures only if new information or experiences are connected to knowledge already in memory. Inferences, elaborations and relationships between old perceptions and new ideas must be personally drawn by the student in order for the new idea to become an integrated, useful part of his/her memory. Memorized facts or information that has not been connected with the students prior experiences will be quickly forgotten. In short, the learner must agilely construct new information onto his/her existing mental fashion model for meaningful learning to occur.So what is the support structure for a constructivist learning setting and how do they differ from a classroom based on the traditionalistic or didactic model? The current American classroom, whether grade school or college level, tends to resemble a one-person show with a captive solely often comatose audience. Classes are usually driven by teacher-talk and depend heavily on textbooks for the composition of the course. There is the idea that there is a stock-still world of knowledge that the student must come to know. Information is divided into parts and built into a whole concept. Teachers serve as pipelines and seek to wobble their thoughts and meanings to the passive student. There is little room for student-initiated questions, independent thought or interaction between students. The end result is t hat the instruction set forth for the learner is solely memorization of the facts and no conceptual depth and understanding (Erickson 30).In a constructivist setting, knowledge is not objective mathematics and science are viewed as systems with models that describe how the world might be rather than how it is. This is an example of the differences between the world of the declarative and procedural knowledge and thinking to understanding the critical falsifiable and explanatory principles within the curriculum. The role of the teacher is to organize information around conceptual clusters as seen in a concept map and in Gowins Vee, in order to help pose questions and unusual situations to engage the students interest. Teachers assist the students in developing new insights and connecting them with their previous learning. Ideas are presented holistically as broad concepts and then broken down into parts. The activities are student centered and students are encouraged to ask their ow n questions, carry out their own experiments, deposit their own analogies and come to their own conclusions and then eventually applying the new found knowledge and information to brand new situations.Becoming a constructivist teacher is a difficult change since most teachers are prepared for teaching in the traditional manner. It has taken me these past two school years to shift my epitome and adopt a new one but it does work if you are dedicated to putting in the time and effort to building your own curriculum built around the standards and back by the foundations that have been laid by Piaget, Dewey, Novak, Gowin, Erickson and the many others. These psychologists and experts in the mind and education have contributed to the following characteristics of what I believe is a representation of a constructivist teacher1. One of many resources that the student may learn from, not the primary source of information.2. Engage students in experiences that contest previous conceptions of their existing knowledge.3. Allow student responses to drive lessons and seek elaboration of students initial responses. Allow student some thinking time after constitute questions.4. Encourage questioning by asking thoughtful, open-ended questions. Encourage thoughtful discussion among students.5. Use cognitive terminology such as classify, read, and bring into being when framing tasks.6. Encourage and accept student autonomy and initiative. Be willing to let go of classroom control.7. Use raw data and primary sources, along with manipulative and interactive physical materials.8. Dontseparate knowing from the process of finding out.9. Insist on clear expression from students. When students can announce their understanding, then they have truly learned.In summary, constructivist teaching offers a bold departure from traditional didactic classroom strategies. The goal is for the learner to play an active role in absorbing knowledge onto his/her existing mental framework. The abil ity of students to apply their school-learned knowledge to the real world much more valued everyplace memorizing bits and pieces of knowledge that may seem unrelated to them. Curriculum designed with the constructivist approach requires the teacher to relinquish his/her role as sole information-dispenser and instead to continually analyze his/her curriculum planning and instructional methodologies. Clearly, the constructivist approach opens new avenues for learning as well as challenges for the teacher trying to implement it but isnt it worthy it? I believe it is worth every ounce.

Computerized Budgeting

Computerized Budgeting MGMT 360 Budgeting has been a major part of forecasting how companies spend their bullion through proscribed the financial course. In most companies, the words its figure time, strike fear in the hearts of employees. Financial officers and trouble accountants brace themselves for reconciling reams of spreadsheets that may reveal wildly different info depending on order and configuration. Non finance employees in various divisions scurry to understand their role in the budgeting process and struggled to bow out together the facts and figures they hoped would appear attractive to heed.Traditional budgeting was carried out on a pad and pen, archived in countless journals and ledgers and often stored in boxes and crates. Retrieval was a sticky labor movement. Today, computerized budgeting (E-Budgeting) resolves soak up streamlined and transformed the budgeting process at all levels of an organization. This research will show the factors that contribute to each day individuals to government that are straightaway exploitation E-budgeting for accurate budget and bookkeeping strategies. Before the days of calculators, computers, and the internet, companies had to budget their finances the old fashioned way.Many accountants had to have countless ledgers, journals, and books filled with the contiguous pecuniary years projections. At the end of the year they had to go back and reconcile all figures and see what they could do to shoot forth the next year even better. This was a very demanding task, since all they had to use was scratch paper, abacuses, and lots of ink. Since technology was not yet able to provide ease to these tasks, the actual task of budgeting and bookkeeping was costly and largely ineffective. Traditional budgeting had more problems. Many employees of companies were unaware about what the partnership essentialed in order to make the budget function.With umteen employees not knowing what information was im portant and what wasnt, many budgets and forecast tools were inaccurate. An separate weakness was that historical data and past budgets were harder to access. Steve Hornyak of Management be clipping explains The biggest drawback of tralatitious budgeting systems is the inability of participating individuals to access and use historical data during the budgeting and planning process. In fact, employees or managers attempting to allocate their sliver of the company funds often work in a vacuum.Without access to historical budgeting information, creating a budget from the ground up or making alterations to the existing budget may become leaden and sometimes futile tasks for nonfinance users (Hornyak, 1998). With employees unable to contribute true validity to the budget and the key historical data missing, bookkeeping was quite difficult. Another stumbling block traditional budgeting presented became obvious when separate departments or different regions within a parent company w ould try to pool their records together. All figures and numerical records were united and the CFO would make a final projection.However, if one departments figures were off or slightly miscalculated, the companys budget as a whole was inaccurate. Companies knew that something had to be done. Ian Henderson of Management Accounting Magazine states The majority of the problems encountered with budgeting arise from managing the process itselfThe choice for large organizations is either to loose many of the undoubted benefits in planning and control offered by budgeting or to apply a software solution to the process and make it less troublesome, less costly and more effective (Henderson, 1997).Computerized budgeting allows departments utilize the same program, to bring all figures into one general location, saving countless man hours. With the introduction of advanced data-entry techniques, the undertaking of budgeting separately year became easier and easier. Computers helped add and subtract much express and more accurately, so entering key figures in a spreadsheet became the wave of the future. It made life easier for accountants so they could show their finance departments and other clients exactly how money was going to be spent.It helped create exact figures making pie charts, line graphs and other figure representatives accurate. E-Budgeting has many different aspects and facets. The most useful part of e-budgeting is that it completely automates the budgeting process. Steve Hornyak defines e-budgeting An e-budgeting solution completely automates the development of an organizations budget and forecast. Web-based enterprise budgeting systems offer a centrally administered system that provides easy-to-use, flexible tools for the end users who are responsible for budgeting (Hornyak, 2008).The author of the article points out how the technology computerizes the process of making an effective budget. This helps anyone from a small family to a government depa rtment with the means of tracking and monitoring a budget. As technology continued to advance, these methods became easier to obtain and utilize. Anyone from the smallest Mom & Pop Store to government officials could enter the necessary information and see exactly how and where their money was going to be divided. erstwhile the internet was created, companies could create inter-office emails and memos making sharing the information that much easier. Companies were able to save money and focus man power more effectively with each new and improved software addition. Most programs used to make budgets that are available to the general public are stand alone applications. These programs stay on the same computer they were created, and dont need to act with other software or computers on a related network or the internet. The data created and stored on these programs also stay in one centralized location.This type of budgeting is useful with small families and companies since thither is no need to let the information urinate the wrong hands. Programs and applications that use outside servers and client formats are usually associated with bigger companies and departments that have many employees over different parts of the country. Some companies use programs that interact with many different financial agencies across the country and even the world. Financial Executive Magazine reviewed a new service offered by Ebudgeting. com and explained its useful tools Ebudgets. om, a specialist in Web-based budgeting and planning technology, has delivered ebudgets 3. 0, a release that it says give large and complex companies increased dynamic control over their budget processes. The software automates budget consolidation, giving management an immediate budget overview (14, 2000). These companies need services such as this when there are multiple stores or divisions of a parent company. CFOs and other executives need an instant overview of how certain regions and departments are doing financially, in order to make informed decisions and executive judgments.Having budgeting tools that are able to integrate with other financial programs or systems is quite a useful feature. Companies have learned how to create tools and make the entire financing process become one easy process. A company out of Richmond, VA, The Bookkeeping Department, created a product with the same qualities. Accounting Technology Magazine explains Key to the success of The Bookkeeping Department is the deployment of an electronic document management solution that integrates with the most prevalent SMB Small to-Medium Business accounting system, Intuits QuickBooks.Scott Vaden. , President of The Bookkeeping Department, found the perfect integrated solution in CNG-Books, Cabinet NCis electronic document management system that streamlines Quick-Books data entry and document filing into one consistent and efficient electronic process. By uniting QuickBooks transactions with business docum ents, CNG-Books makes filing, locating, and sharing documents simple, seamless, and pander (SR25, 2008). This new program is an excellent example of how financial agencies and departments are able to share information and help ease the process of bookkeeping.Using computerized budgeting tools and programs have many benefits to a company. One major benefit is helping to cover liability when it comes time to interact with the government and make figures public. For example, many times companies who had prepared taxes using older budgeting and bookkeeping methods were held responsible for any mistakes made, costing a company unnecessary fines and expenses. Now with computerized assistance and internet support, companies can avoid such penalties.Wayne Shulz of Accounting Technology Magazine explains Even the best payroll staff can make mistakes with the confusing array of payroll tax deposit rules. Nearly every payroll processing company protects you against costly tax deposit penaltie s and interest by guaranteeing timeliness of your online tax paymentsIf theres a mistake in computation or timeliness, the processor pays and not your company (Shulz, 2009). This shows how using computers and having interacting financial agencies saves companies money.Another way computerized budgeting helps companies is by bringing together different parts of the company thus increase employee participation. Once the process of making a budget is streamlined, many employees dont mind being apart of it. Lesley Meall of AccountancyMagazine. com spoke with Dave Turner of Coda Inc. in a recent issue. Turner was quoted as saying We are seeing a lot more collaboration on budgeting, he says, and the process is arguably becoming more useful.As more people become involved and the process becomes more accurate, people feel more important and empowered, (Meall, 2008). With an easier system in place, inter-department collaboration is an idea many are able to grasp. One last advantage new-age b udgeting creates is helping save time and money in the budgeting process. By using computers many companies are able to save paper, not having to create and copy existing budgets or taking up space storing old budgets. With the recent growing popularity of going green, many companies have taken conserving resources to heart.AccountancyMagazine. com continues Going green can save money as well as the planet, but it can be difficult to know where to begin, so the sustainable business experts at Envirowise are offering help in the form of an interactive online tool. It allows businesses to get the information they need to get started quickly and easily, said spokesperson Mary Leonard, highlighting those measures that are likely to provide them with the greatest cost-savings benefits in the areas most relevant to their business (Henderson, 2009).This shows cutting be in any way helps not only the bottom line for companies but also has a positive effect on the environment. In conclusi on, there are many benefits to using computerized budgeting programs both on and off the internet. The use of these programs helps simplify and expedite the making of budgets and bookkeeping for both the financial savvy and the fiscal illiterate. Dragging and dropping figures, more accurate results, effective presentation options make computerized budgeting the best practice for everyone. Traditional budgeting has had its share of inefficiencies and flaws in the past.Today, newer technologies and faster computing methods have helped to alleviate most, if not all, of those issues. References Henderson, Ian. (October 1997). Does Budgeting Have To Be So Troublesome? Management Accounting Magazine for Chartered Management Accountants. 75(9). P. 1. Hornyak, Steve. (October 1998). Budgeting Made Easy. Management Accounting Magazine for Chartered Management Accountants. 80(4). P. 1. Meall, Leslie. (February 2008). A Marriage Made In Heaven Budgeting Technology. Accountancy Magazine. p. 65. Shulz, Wayne. (April 2009).Online Payroll Can Save You Money Letting Someone Else walk Through The Process Can Benefit Clients. Accountancy Technology. p. 18. Financial Executive review of E-Budgeting. com (September/October 2000). Retrieved April 23rd from Financial Executive Magazine website. p. 14 Soaring With integrated Electronic Document Management Accounting Technology (June 2008). Retrieved from Accounting Technology website on April 24th. p. SR25. Boost Your Bottom Line Accountancy Magazine. (February 2009). Retrieved from the Accounting Magazine website on April 24th. p. 55.

A Critical Review of Erikson’sTheory Essay

The Psychosocial Stages of Development is Erik Eriksons major contribution to personality formation. According to his guess, an individual passes with eight stages of development. Each stage has its own unique characteristics.This paper will focus on the strengths and weaknesses of Eriksons Theory as well as its practical application to adult learning and in real life.A Critical Review of EriksonsTheoryErik Eriksons Theory ExplainedErik Eriksons Psychosocial Stages of Development holds a significant place as far as studying and understanding human development is concerned. His place in psychology cannot be discounted because of the contribution he gave to the field. Although Eriksons theory is sympathetic in some aspects with other personality development theories, there are some unique distinctions as well(Marshall, n.d).His theory is comparable with Freuds theory in a sense that both of them believed that the development of an individual passes through various stages. The diffe rence between the two theories is that while Freuds development stages focus on the libido or sexual drives, Eriksons psychosocial stages focuses on the evolution of social traits(Marshall, n.d).According to Eriksons theory, an individual passes through eight critical stages throughout his life. Each of these stages possess their own unique attributes and time period. As the individual goes through each development stage, their ultimate goal is to successfully complete each stage forrader they can proceed to the next. Failure to complete a stage may have unfavorable outcomes to the individual(Chapman, n.d).For instance, in Eriksons sixth stage of development which is impropriety vs. Isolation, the failure of the child to develop socialization skills or the ability to form relationships may cause him to become a loner, individualistic, uncomfortable with other people, and others(Chapman, n.d).Eriksons theory indicates that throughout the life of an individual, they will experience a certain crisis. In the development stage mentioned above, the conflict they experience is their inability to develop social skills(Chapman, n.d). activity to Adult EducationThe psychosocial stages of Erik Erikson is an implication that the formation of individual personality does not go against in childhood but is a lifelong process. The negative consequences of unelaborated stages may manifest themselves during the later stages of life which is why it is important to as much as possible succeed in each stage(Chapman, n.d).For individuals who successfully established each stage, they will have an idea of what to do when they are faced with a similar situation. Most of the time, these individuals tend to be stronger amidst the adversities of life(Chapman, n.d).Another implication of Eriksons Psychosocial stages of development is that the person will have a better understanding of themselves, their strengths, weaknesses, their skills, abilities, and others(Chapman, n.d).Critical Analysis of the TheoryAn in-depth criticism of Eriksons theory is presented by prof George Boree of Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania. He raised the following points concerning the psychosocial stages of Erikson(Boeree, n.d)Things happen in a certain sequence and not because of biological programming. For example, one cannot have the ability to manage unless they have developed sexual maturity.The timing for each stage may vary from one culture to another. For instance, a baby can start talking earlier or much later than what is indicated. Nowadays, people get married even before reaching 18 or 21 years old.Eriksons theory is applicable and useful to various cultures and in any period. It is applicable to current and future generations.ConclusionUnderstanding of the self is a life-long process. It does not stop at Stage Eight of Eriksons Psychosocial Development. Likewise, identity crisis can take place at any point of life. The most important thing is that parents loosenes s of the bowels a major influence in the successful formation of their childs personality.ReferencesBoeree, G(n.d). Erik Erikson. Shippensburg University. Retrieved July 2 2008 from http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/perscontents.htmlChapman, A(n.d). Eriksons Psychosocial Development Theory. Businessballs.com. Retrieved July 2 2008 from http//www.businessballs.com/ erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htmfreuds_psychosexual_stagesMarshall, J(n.d). Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development. put one overs Development. Retrieved July 2 2008 from http//www.kidsdevelopment.co.uk/ EriksonsPsychosocialDevelopmentTheory.html

Epiphany

Who I Am As a child I grew up telling myself and everyone else that I never wanted to get married and have children. I watched my receive get married and divorced twice and seen what kind of pain that inflicted on her and us kids. I thought that I would be a better person if I stayed single and didnt have any kids to worry about. Of course I fell in love early in adulthood and decided to have children. A few years later my fear f becoming like my mother in the aspect of marriage, divorce and having kids came alive.I felt like such a fool for allowing that to happen to me. Usually by the time I get class from work and picking up the kids, It Is late and I do not feel like taking the time to actually cook a meal. atomic number 53 evening we got home earlier than we usually do so I decided to fix dinner, sit down and actually eat as a family. I can remember myself standing In front of the stove thinking of the frustrating long day of work I had, getting worsen because the kids were running around the souse.The kids were playing and being loud which Is what a 4 year old boy and 4 year old girl would do. whence It suddenly becomes quiet and Patrick comes to me and says Mommy, you know what? I say with an annoyed tone of voice What Patrick? He says your superman. I picked him up and gave him a big hug. In that blink of an eye I realized that out of all that has happened to me In my life, I am truly grateful that I have my children and that I am actually a better person because God brought them Into my life.

Learning Journal †Time Management Essay

The conveying journal consists of my per boyal reflections on events in the trifleplace and on how I obligate tested new ideas from studying the module naturals like Topic Guides in my micturate. It also consists of implementations of work based objectives or inquiries, plans for development of future work practice, shows how I kick in applied reflective thinking exemplars as I conducted my work based inquiries. Firstly, I would focus on the cycles of work-based inquiry on sequence trouble. Currently, I am undertaking trade training and representing the phalanx Martial Arts team. Adapted from TMA02 Task1(15/12/2013)Time management has al counsels been an ideal consequence of interests for me as it is fundamental factor which aids culture process in the workplace. Managing is evidently an effective technique as it maintains time appreciation and resources which aids in the production of positive results. Adapted from TGF Yellow(15/12/2013)(Doran, 1981, p. 35-36) intellectu al FrameworkS I leave retain respective schedules for studies, work and sports planned out. By doing so, I will be having much time, achieve my set goals with more than focus and produce better results too. M I will reflect daily on my disputation of schedules and tick them off. If for any rea parole, I lack behind the schedule, I will ensure prioritising and spending time accordingly. A If I couldfinish my workload as planned out, I would be reasonably well ahead of my assigned date. This would demonstrate me more time to spend with my family especially with 2 year grey-haired son.R I would be able to meet my goals set by my egotism. Not only will there be more family time to spend, I would also be eligible for my next promotion in good time and a step c digestr to becoming eligible for the Commissioned ships officer campaign in the Army if I complete my OU degree. T I am planning from the start of week 5 of BU130 till the end of the module. The framework has shown virtually effective results ever since and I am spending more tonus time with family as well as coping with studies and training sports wise. Journal(15/12/2013)Essentially, considering one of my workplace inquiries Time Management, I am doing an Apprenticeship course plus OU modules, maintaining my fitness and representing the Martial Arts Team too. I have a son to look subsequently at times and sometimes I struggle to make time for anything. (Simmering, 2014)I have been facing severeies but after reading the condition of the Topic Guide on Time Management from Reading 3 (The Open University, 2014a), I used the new ideas in conjunction with the application of the SMART framework. This made my schedule more practical and manageable.Journal(19/01/2014)I needed to outline the problems that I would face manage with my trade training and OU studies. I felt that it is difficult to start out and concentrate to get things done according to the set programme. (Simmering, 2014)Time manag ement is testing as it requires motivation and discipline to work efficiently. It was easy to aspirate beyond schedule as procrastinating has been difficult to avoid. Adapted from TGF Green(29/01/2014)IntroductionCritical IncidentAt times, I would have a responsibility of looking after my 2 years old son as my wife who works part-time doing her night shifts straight after my work. Just recently, I had to take my son to the A&E Department because he started having breathing problems for 2 days and we ar regularly administering his doses at the given timings. The following day, as Ireturned to my training, my NVQ course instructor came to me and told me to speed up to catch up with the programme schedule or he would mark the particular practical task a damp if not handed in time. I felt really upset because I thought he was being unreasonable and unfair but I had no choice so I hastily worked on my task and managed to complete it in time with an average score. Journal(21/01/2014)I have completed the access and incident section and I will be able to progressively focus. However, it has not turned out as planned on some areas, particularly, in my course where I have been struggling to catch up with my other classmates. Moreover, I will also have to take days off from the vocational course to train for Army Martial Arts Competition. Plus, I know that I will have more workload piled up from the time harm from Martial Arts training as my apprenticeship deadline is on the 18th of March. Unexpected incidents have caused me delays making it difficult to follow the schedule. Ideas(22/01/2014)Using the stages of Kolbs learning cycle, we could learn to Reflect from Concrete Experience like the incident mentioned above and Generalise to put it in Action. (Kolb, 1984) Journal(25/01/2014)I found that reflecting from ideas tested is a brilliant way of learning as it teaches me to work effectively by generalising and putting it to action. I noticed by using the four stages of Kolbs learning cycle, it does give a broader view of the learning process.Adapted from TGF Green(29/01/2014)Hi JoyceI have tried the time management schedule as planned out with achievements. However, I have had lagged behind schedule due to unexpected problems that crops up every now and then. Currently, I have cut short my breaks and worked harder to catch up with time by half, which is about an hour, daily. I thought cutting my breaks shorter has worked effectively and I am also able to be a step ahead. Journal(29/01/2014)I thought if I could do it differently, I would change my ways or alter to work quicker and catch up with the programme. It seems to work better each day as I am speeding up progressively in doing other project work and practical assignments. I am able to spend deep time on my TMA03 assignment as well. Framework for evaluation(29/01/2014)I have chosen the Pedlers framework of bringing our feelings into our reflection According to Pedler et al. 2001 stats t hat it processs us to cut back ones thought and confused ideas that could be used to rectify their actions and performance in difficult situations. Taking emotions and feelings into account and analysing situations through questioning and response. It is fundamentally learning through reflection. Our feelings I felt disheartened by the way the instructor who unreasonably told me that I could fail the task. I had no options but to pertain my work with speed as I know that arguing with him would not have got me anywhere. I am glad that I managed to pass it though.Our thoughts and ideas My thoughts are to give a critical review of my schedule and allocate ample time for assignments and project works. I might consider cancelling some Taekwondo classes and start completing tasks faster. This will also give me extra time for my family as well as keeping me ahead of things to come. Our action-tendencies Following strictly with the deadline will help keep myself on cut with everyth ing. I have been struggling to meet the deadline but will persevere to achieve them. As I cannot afford to lose any more time and make it a habit. Journal(20/02/2014)In addition to using the Kolbs learning cycle, I thought the Pedlers framework would work together. So far, results have been excellent as I could practise and maintain schedule overall. This supports my Self and rush management well. Journey Reflection(28/02/2014)In summary, I thought the process of reflecting from the theme was really challenging and a difficult one because lots of changes were made to achieve the result wanted. Sometimes, it is not possible to control everything as planned and adjustments have to be made along the way. I thought that I hadto transform myself doing this module to become better at managing and organising my time. Word count 1313ReferencesArney, E. (2011) BU130 Writing for work and study, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Arney, E. (2012) BU130 Learning Contract Guidance, Milton Key nes, The Open University. Arney, E. (2013) BU130 Study Guide, 7th edn, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Doran, G. T. (1981) Theres A S.M.A.R.T. Way to Write Managements Goals and Objectives, Management Review, vol 70, no. 11(AMA FORUM), pp. 35-36. Kolb, D. (1984) Experiential Learning, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall. Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J. and Boydell, T. (2001) A Managers Guide to Self Development (4th edn.), Maidenhead, McGraw-Hill. Ramsey, C. (2010) BU130 Introducing Reflective Learning, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Simmering, M. J. (2014) Time Management Reference for Business, (2nd edn) Online, encyclopedia of Business. ready(prenominal) at http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Str-Ti/Time-Management.html (Accessed 15 December 2013). The Open University (2014a) Reading material 3, Topic Guide 1 Time management Online. Available at https//learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=372553ion=3 (Accessed 15 December 2013).2. Reflective ReportIntroducti onCorresponding to the Time Management which gives support to the learning development in the workplace, the Self and Career Management, is fundamental in ensure relevance in the chosen pathway. It has to be made certain that the individual is not being develop or forced into something that is irrelevant. The importance of the Self and Career Management is stressed in the Learning Contract under subdivision 1 Possible learning topics Likewise, self and career management comes into what the individuals capabilities are and how one can establish their aims to achieve their goals. Without learning the appropriate skill or having the relevant qualification, it does not help for the assigned tasks. Hence, I would ensure that the courses and experiences needed are attained according to mycareer path.OccurrenceHaving acquired 8 years of service in the British Army and experienced various dilemmas, the economic and financial constraints have significantly affected the Regular Army Struct ure as a whole down to the hierarchy of ranks from 102,000 to 82,000 (The Guardian, 2014). Colleagues who were highly professional and skilled are forced into changing their trade skills or made redundant because of the non-availability of the quota and relevance in trade skills required including expenditures. Moreover, with be freeze and staff retention and cut backs, it has been ever more difficult for serving soldiers. In order to ensure job suitability, one has to be conformed with a relevant qualification and experience. Therefore, ideas generated from sources such as Topic Guide 3 Self and Career Management Readings 5 and 6 materials were used to adapt to such changes. (The Open University, 2014b)Discussion SessionAction TakenAt the moment, I am undertaking a vocational, NVQ level 3 course in order to be more competent and qualified as a senior tradesman with acquired knowledge to ascertain my profession and develop personally.Ideas(The Open University, 2014b)Additionall y, I also obtained several ideas from Readings 5 and 6 materials and they are The skilful use of the selfStrengths and weaknessesSelf-knowledge, self-esteem and self- confidenceManaging changeFramework for reflectionThe reading material ideas, utilised in conjunction with the stages of Kolbs learning cycle, we could learn to Reflect from Concrete Experience like the incident mentioned above and Generalise to put it in Action. (Kolb, 1984)The Kolbs experiential learning cycle is to be used for reflective learning on our own circumstances. This model enables one to breakdown situations into a clearer more structured way. This framework allowsassessment of a particular situation and reflection of oneself and experiences which directs into putting actions to practical adjustmentsConcrete Experience I have planned out my vocational pathway to promotion and tried the Self-knowledge, self-esteem and self-confidence to discover my potential capabilities and limitations (Bourner, 1996). Howe ver, I realised that sometimes I am not so footsure with my given task even though I had the subject knowledge.Reflection I need hone my weaknesses which will boost my self-esteem and practise with confidence in any given situation.Generalisation It was because I had a vocational learning gap for 2 years and had few exposures. Therefore, I had to practice more which could obtain me to double promotion if I get a distinction and recommended.Action(Bourner, 1996)Hence, whatever the circumstances, I must manage the changes meaning innovating and improving the standards and quality of work in order to achieve distinction and be capable of reaching my own prospective pathway.Framework for evaluationAdapted from TGF GreenI have chosen the Pedlers framework of bringing our feelings into our reflection (Pedlar et al., 2001) It is stated on (Pedler et al., 2001) that the framework helps us to rationalise ones thought and various ideas that could be used to improve their actions and performa nces in challenging situations. Taking emotions and feelings into account and analysing situations through questioning and response. It is basically learning through reflection.ComponentsOur feelings I thought that having seen some of my colleagues made redundant, I felt disheartened in some ways. I knew that if I had to secure my job position, I would have to move on with untouchable mindset and set goals. I managed to be safe as for now plus got myself loaded onto a mandatoryvocational course which will toss away me for next promotion. Our thoughts and ideas My thoughts are to be more decisive of my qualifications that I strive to acquire and making sure my options are available according to my experiences and knowledge gained. Ideas are taken from as many resources available especially from Reading materials from the Topic Guide 3 of Self and Career Management. This will put me on track that will ensure a stable career and perhaps give me better prospects in the field of busi ness studies (The Open University, 2014b).Our action-tendencies It is very simple to lose focus and interests during some point of performing on the course or even give up on the qualifications. Therefore, one must have self confidence, strong willed and persevere in order to overcome such weaknesses. One must also learn relevant skills needed. I have learnt that Self and Career Management that the crucial to keep an individuals competency updated and experiences gained appropriate to my career pathway and also keeping opportunities available. *Adapted from the Learning Contract, under Section 3 Learning Objectives.Self and Career Management(Doran, 1981, p. 35-36)Developing and maintaining records of achievements, qualifications for future planned pathways. S Gain relevant qualifications and experiences and also recommendations. This will create foundation to secure my current position giving better opportunities too as I will also be completing my Apprenticeship Fabricator (NVQ Level 3) in fourteenth of March. M Every week, I will critically reflect on areas covered and if I am struggling, I will concentrate more to improve my weak areas, and record everything done to date.A I aiming to achieve a distinction (above 85%) in my Apprenticeship in order to be recommended for Clerk of work and also pass BU130 module with flying colours at the end of March. R I would follow the organised path chosen which avoids confusion and mismanagement plus produce results. T I started as of 2nd November till the 18th March to acquire as much qualifications and experiences as possible to improve my career.ConclusionIn overall, I have been able to adapt ideas from resources such as the reading materials from the Topic Guides and BU130 module books with the help of classmates and Ms Joyce (Tutor) in the TGF give-and-take forum. Essentially,I am more confident on dealing with situations and coming up with solutions to tackle daily problems along the way. I am able to po t my own capabilities and push myself to enhance my personal development and have better job prospects by using the SMART framework for further future development.

Organization Behaviour Case Study

Executive summaryIn this report, a case of Morgan-Moes drug stores will be studied. The company is suffering from a difficult economy situation, with stores being downsized and employees being dismissed. There is a huge problem concerning employee motivations. Therefore, the human resource team pertinacious to change the management system, and they had conducted an experiment to test five newly designed programs. The matter is analyzed establish on sales revenues and physical exercise upset rate, and the near effective programs ar selected accordingly.At the same time, critical thinking is applied in this report. The process of the experiment is reviewed, and several factors atomic number 18 added into the consideration. Mean spot, both practical and theoretical breeding is fork upd relating to the changing workforce, the importance of goal and directions, the construction of plaqueal nuance, the employ involvement and empowerment, the changing resistance, as well as the justice and fairness of work place. done these further analyses, a more than comprehensive management system is suggested to Morgan-Moes drug company.Background trainingMorgan-Moes drug stores used to be the leading company in the sell industry with the firm owning hundreds of stores. However, there has been a dramatic declining in revenues recently based on a sharp decrease in the functions manufacturing economy. The company used to consider high-margin items as their major product, but they have to switch their centering on low-margin commodities, and therefore the realize has been fallen rapidly. bulge out of frustration, the company has to cut down the number of stores, and dismiss the employees.As the business going worse, there argon some negative influences on the employees. Because of the insecurity of their jobs, employees had formed a pessimistic attitude against their daily work. Besides, the lack of advanced notice and communication, as well as the unsatisfied severance payments for departing employees, had caused the laid-off employees to have a basal emotion of angry. In this way, the working efficient of the daily operation was weakened, and the public image of the company has also been damaged.To deal with the changes and to solve those problems, Jim Claussen, vice president of military man Relations, determined to set a new direction for the company, and the human resource management team decided to transform their performance management system. In establish to come up the most effective management system, the HR team had come up with five options for the company, and separately individual manager of the store is fit to choose the most appropriate approach for their management purposes. An experiment had been conducted, and the results are analyzed in details in the following report.Experiment approachAs mentioned above, there are five programs designed for this experiment (listed in the following table), and those programs can be considered as the variables. Program one is designed to be the same as the previous system, with manduction little or no cultivation program two and tercet provide employees with information that is controllable (sick leave) or uncontrollable (sales and inventory replacement) and program intravenous feeding and five engage employees into the end reservation process with employees providing suggestions for a break up performance.Program No. ContentProgram 1Continues to stay the course and providing employees with little to no information or opportunities for participation.Program 2Tracks employee absence seizure and sick leave and shares that information with individual employees, giving them feedback.Program 3Tracks sales and inventory replacement rates across shiftsProgram 4Tracks the same information as Programs II and III. Managers beam it in weekly bases, during which employees agree suggestions for improving performanceProgram 5Keeps the idea of brainstorming, but d oesnt provide employees with information about their behavior or company profits To pass a comprehensive analysis of this experiment, we need to identify what the independent and dependent variables are. According to Sechrest (1982), independent variables refer to factors of input which are able to be controlled, while dependent variable indicates the output or outcome which is determined by the dependent variable.In this case, the independent variables rely on both the management and employee perspectives. Analyzing from the management perspective, the information manduction level, the empowerment level and management style will all have an influence on the outcomes. On the other hand, factors of employees should also be considered as independent variables. For example, the business age, their positions in the company, the working condition or location will all affect the experiment results.Our dependent variables focus on the outcome of those programs that we indigence to meas ure, and it can be classified as the average turnover rate, the sales profit, and the monthly staff cost time. Those dependent variables are determined by the independent variables, and the change of each independent variable will have an influence on the dependent variables and experiment outcomes.Finding and discussionThe experiment was conducted within 299 retail stores, and the results are listed in the appendix. As can be observed, program quaternion and five should be regarded as the most effective methods in generating revenues and reducing turnover.First, we will focus on the revenue and cost aspects. As listed in thefollowing chart, program one and two have a relatively low profit per month, which indicates that the sales revenue of stores using program one and two is lower than those applying program four and five. In other words, stores which engage employee into the decision making process are able to generate more sales revenues in general. It can be seen that employee s suggestions could help the company to growth the profit and achieve a go performance.Even though program four and five had generated the highest revenue during the experiment, they also caused the highest cost of staff time. On the other hand, since program one did not need to make any changes, there will be no staff cost. Staff cost means that the employees had to take some of their regular working hours into the information sharing and brainstorm meeting, so that the opportunity cost of those hours must be considered as well. Therefore, we need to deduct those costs from the revenue to get the last profit for each program. As can be seen from the following chart of net profit, program four and five still have a relatively high profit of $9,580 and $11,250 than the other programs after remove the staff time cost from the revenues.Another measurement is the employee turnover rate, which represents the percentage of employees who either quit or terminate their jobs. To maintain the experienced employees and to reduce the time cost of training newly recruited members, it is better for the company to keep a lower employee turnover rate. According to the experiment result listed in the following chart, program four and five have a relatively lower rate of employee turnover of 17% and 21%.On the other side, program three has the highest turnover rate, following by program one. It can be figured out based on the results that a high level of employee engagement into the decision making process will have a positive influence to reduce the employee turnover rate. If the employees opinions and ideas are encouraged and respected in the company, they are more willing to dedicate themselves into their working process.As analyzed above, it is obvious that methods four and five are superior to the other methods, because they generated higher profits and lower employee turnover rates. On the contrary, program one is the least effective management system with regarding t o a lower sales profit and a higher employee turnover rate. In this way, the company should be encouraged to modify their current management system, and systems like program four and five should be promoted to engage the employees into the decision making process.However, there are some concerns regarding to the experimental approach. In this experiment, each manager was able to select the program which they think might be the most appropriate for the retail store. As can be seen in the following pie chart, almost one third of the managers choose program one which is to keep the status quo. Even though a relatively large number of managers choose not to change, it does not necessarily mean program one is a better solution. However, more than half(a) of the managers are willing to bring changes into the organization and to offer empowerment to employees. Meanwhile, program four and five are approved to be the more effective methods based on the experiment results, so the majority of managers agreed with our conclusion. ground on various management styles, managers would have different preferences, and therefore it is possible that the decisions were made with personal biases. In this way, the truthfulity of the experiment would be negatively affected. To monitor the fairness of the experiment, a randomly assigned strategy could be recommended instead of the self-selection process. Critical analysisApart from the data and information that has been collected in this experiment, there are some other issues for the managers to consider. It is universally known that the world is continuously changing, and if a company wants to be the leading organization in the rapidly changing environment, it has to be adaptive and creative to fit into the new situation.In this case, the manager had made his effort adapting to the current situation by shrewd the different programs. However, the requirement ofdiversified workforce (Langton, 2012) should also be seen as one of the new realities. In is undeniable that the employment of experienced workforce is more dependable than young workers, because they have accumulated more professional knowledge about the work.However, in the current unpromising economic situation, the company might want to hire more diversified workforces. It will not only serve the different need of various customers, but also could generate more chic ideas during the brainstorm meeting. Meanwhile, with diversified workforce, the employees will generally increase their skills and capabilities by sharing their knowledge.Apart from adapting to the changing situations, the organisational goal and direction are also essential when making organizational decisions and motivating employees. Specific and achievable goals could improve employees performance and help the management process. According to Langton (2012), a well-designed company goal is able to provide a direction for employees actions, regulate their behavior and efforts, as we ll as increase their persistence during their working process. Meanwhile, goals and directions are also able to seduce the development of administrative strategies, and it will dramatically increase the motivation of employees. Accordingly, the Morgan-Moes drug stores should primarily design a specific goal to direct the employment behaviors.As Lencioni (2012) represented in his book, once a company has accomplished setting their mission and goals, which he refers to as the clarity, those directions must be emphasized and reenforce during the daily basis of the operation process. In other words, the tasks and jobs assigned to employees must be designed based on the major objective and goal of the company. Meanwhile, submit and appreciation systems should be provided to employees to promote their motivations. Fairness and equity must be considered when offering employees rewards, and the rewards should be in alliance with organizational goals and personal performance.In addition t o organizational goals and objectives, organizational culture and value should also be created as a core factor within the organization. A satisfying culture could get employees to be engaged into the organization,and it will also have a positive influence in the employees job satisfactory level, which might lead to a higher level of motivation. As showed in the following chart (Round the Clock Resources, 2012), a sustainable organization should build up a solid system round an appropriate working culture, with other aspects constitute a framework guiding the business process.At the same time, employment involvement and empowerment strategies must be use within the organization. Those strategies suggest a company to move some of the power from managing level into the general employee level, which indicates that employees should be inspired and encouraged into the decision making process. Based on Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory (Langton, 2012), employees should be given greate r responsibilities and more power to plan and control their work, and their motivation would be increased.As in this experiment, program four and five are designed with empowerment activities, they engage employees into the brainstorm meeting to communicate the current situation and to generate ideas and suggestions of what they can do to for a better development of the company. Judging by the results, it is testified that giving employees more responsibility is able to improve the sales profit, reduce employment turnover rate and increase the general performance level of the organization.When bring changes into an organization, not all employees are willing to embrace the transforming. There will be a resistance power caused by the fear of the unknown and uncertain future. As Torben Rick (2011) illustrates with his change cycle, employees will experience several stages before they finally accept the conditions.During the changing process, it is probative for managers to have a cl ear communication with the employees, and the directions must be clear and precise, so that the employees understand the current situation and their expectations. Meanwhile, managers must be fair and impartial to maintain the organizational justice, in which way a satisfied working environment couldbe established, and the employees are trusted and they will be more commit to the organization. Conclusion and recommendationAccording to the experiment results, program four and five are considered to be most effective because they are able to generate relatively higher net profits and lower employment turnover rates. It means a regular brain storm meeting is beneficial for the improvement of organizational performance and employment engagement. Therefore, managers should actively encourage employees to be involved into the decision making process.However, considering the current business situation, the managers should also embrace more diversified workforce, and different kinds of empl oyees should be hired. Besides, a clear goal and direction should also be created by the management level to guide the behavior of employees. Apart from that, a favorable organizational culture should also be established to form an instructional working environment. At the same time, actions of employ involvement and empowerment should also be taken to increase motivation and employment responsibilities. During the management process, organizational justice and fairness should also be paid attention to, so that employee will be committed to the organization.

Surgical Instruments

Surgery has been performed since ancient times. The earliest preserve running(a) operations were circumcision and trepanation. (Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin of the penis. Trepanation involves making a hole in the skull to relieve twinge and/or release spirits. ) The earliest instru handsts use in these procedures were flint or obsidian (shiny stvirtuoso) knives and saws. Stone Age skulls from rough the world have been found with holes in them from trepanning. Primitive people also used knives to cut moody fingers damaged in accidents.The ancient Hindus of India excelled at surgery. The great surgical textbook, Sushruta Samhita, probably dates back to the last centuries B. C. This urinate described 20 sharp and 101 blunt surgical cocks. These instruments included forceps, pincers, trocars (sharp-pointed instruments fitted with a small tube), and cauteries (irons to hotness and sear tissue). Most of these surgical tools were made of steel. The ancient Hindus also used lancets to carry out cataract surgery, scalpels to bushel amputated noses via plastic surgery, and sharp knives to remove bladder stones.At about the same time, ancient Peruvians were performing trepanation. They left behind various surgical instruments, including scalpels and chisels made of obsidian. The Greeks practiced surgery mostly on external move of the body. They usually used forceps, knives, and probes. Bronze Roman surgical instruments found at Pompeii include a scalpel with a steel blade, spring and scissor forceps, a sharp hook, and shears. In the first century A. D. , Cel-cus A tray of in advance(p) surgical instruments.The ancient Hindus used lancets to carry out cataract surgery, scalpels to restore amputated noses via plastic surgery, and sharp knives to remove bladder stones. described the use of ligatures. Ligatures are used to tie off blood vessels and reduce bleeding during operations. Galen ( A. D. 130-200) gave particular and sensible instructions on the use of surgical instruments. After ancient times, medical knowledge declined, and surgeons ferocious to a lowly status. In the absence of knowledge about antiseptics, surgery was highly risky.As a result, only the simplest and most urgent operations (such as amputations) using the most straightforward instruments were performed. A few physicians sought to spread knowledge of surgical procedures by publishing texts that illustrated surgical instruments. Most important among these men was the great French surgeon Ambroise Pare (1517-1590). Pare revived use of ligature and invented many surgical procedures and instruments. His inventions included the crows beak to hold blood vessels while tying them off.Pare also perfected an instrument for cataract removal. Other types of surgical instruments are Payrs Crushing Clamp This is the heavy instrument with double lever system, it has two blades with uniform serrations, used to perform Gastrectomy. Aneurysm Needle This is the long inst rument with an EYE at one end, it was used to ligate the feeding artery in an aneurysm, during venesection, silk suture can be thread within eye passed around to ligate it.Right Angled Forcep Also known as Laheys Forcep, it is used to ligate major vascular pedicles like superior thyroid pedicle in thyroidectomy, cystic artery in cholecystectomy and lumbar veins in lumbar sympathectomy. Czerny Retractor This is a double hooked retractor on one side and single blade on other side, this is a superficial retractor, used to retract layers of abdominal muscle walls and muscles during appendicectomy, herniorrhapy, or thyroidectomy. Lagenback retractor It has a single blade, function its similar to Czerny Retractor.Deavers Retractor It is used to retract liver-colored during vagotomy, cholecystectomy, Gastrectomy, also used to retract kidney and urinary bladder. Allis Tissue holding forcep It has a ratched and triangular expanding upon at tip, where serrations are present, it is used to hold tough structures like fascia, aponeurosis, can also be used to hold duodenum during Gastrectomy. Throughout time surgical instruments have changed now we sterilize the instruments and they are much to a greater extent safer than the once in ancient history. Technology has evolved and keeps evolving new instruments will be created always.

Issues, concerns, and challenges in environmental adjucation in the philippine court system Essay

Introduction The act system is an integral part of environmental enforcement in the Philippines and has made many a(prenominal) great contri providedions to the field. However, environmental cases do non always progress smoothly by meaning of the judicial system. This idea is intended to identify important court- magnitudeed issues in the judicial system that repair or limit environmental adjudication. 2 The issues argon divided in the midst of access to and competency of justice, and sanctioned procedures. spot many of these issues could be analyzed further, this composition testament talllight the hotshots to which attention should be give in any much comprehensive study of Philippine environmental case uprightness of nature. 3 This cover get out also re instructse examples and case studies from the United States to illustrate important legal points, since the U. S. and Philippines fill sympathetic legal systems. II. Issues A. Legal Procedure and Rules of t he act Be eccentric of their unique and complex nature, environmental cases are joltinglytimes hindered by legal mechanisms and overlooks of procedure designed for non-environmental cases.These include rules on stand and curriculum action suits that practically do not play into account the fact that environmental ravish impacts tot all toldy citizens. Further much(prenominal), the nature and science of environmental violations often agency that economys of limitations, evidentiary rules, and burdens of proof are not suitable. Some of these issues foundation be hand lead internally by the judicial system by instructing lower courts to bear rules liberally. The impact of all of these issues, and how many precise present tasks for complainants, is crucial. 1.Standing of Plaintiffs and Citizens Suits In environmental cases, a plaintiff whitethorn not necessarily be legally wound in the traditional star by an act of environ-mental destruction to impair his liveliho od. For example, plaintiffs cannot notice damages for fish killed by contaminant be own they lack stand up, despite the obvious economic loss they suffered. 4 While the destruction of natural aesthetic beauty is a moral outrage that indirectly harms all citizens, at a lower place traditional legal standing person no would take standing to sue.5 Furthermore, environmental laws are designed to prevent catastrophic harm that is often not imminent or digested to one geographic scope, as opposed to the qualify, immediate harms that provide the basis of most standing requirements. 6 diminutive rulings on standing could stifle environmental enforcement, especially since the Philippines lacks sufficient enforcement capacity and personnel. The Philippine peremptory motor inn has held that standing requiresSuch personal stake in the out bugger off of the controversy as to assure that cover adverseness which sharpens the presentation of issues upon which the court depends for illu mination of difficult original questions. 7 The plaintiff himself mustiness postulate some cognizable and redressable lesion. Litigating for a general reality interest, or mere invocation of plaintiffs duty to preserve the rule of law is not sufficient to clothe it with standing. 8 However, the standing requirement is considered a trivia that courts whitethorn waive if the case concerns a paramount public interest.9 In its dictum in Oposa v. Factorum, the Court said that children big businessman even be in possession of intergenerational standing to sue to prevent the destruction of forests for in store(predicate) generations. 10 There are questions as to the strength of these to geld the standing threshold for environmental plaintiffs. While courts may waive practiced standing provisions when a case deals with a paramount public interest, it is not required to do so. 11 Furthermore, judges may reasonably differ on what constitutes a paramount public interest since thithe r is no overridingtheme o define it. For example, in Kilosbayan, the Court found that determining the legality of an online lottery system fell within this definition, whereas in integrate Bar, it held that determining whether deploying marines for crime deterrence violates the Constitution does not. 12 The Court did reduce some of this ambiguity in Oposa by declaring that the right to a balanced and healthful ecology concerns nothing less than self-preservation and self-perpetuation, presumably a paramount public interest.13 However, because the Courts discussion on standing in Oposa was dictum, uncomplete this claim nor the right to intergenerational standing is binding law upon the lower courts. 14 Without further guidance from the Court, it is in all probability that many lower court judges would be reluctant to act boldly by declaring that a particular issue is a paramount public interest and would deny standing. Congress tried to reduce the standing threshold with citizen s uit provisions in environmental statutes, but these stick been of limited use thus far.First, only the Philippine livid Air and Ecological Solid Waste counsel Acts contain citizen suit provisions15 notably, the Philippine Clean Water Act, enacted after these two laws, does not. 16 Second, citizens motionlessness bear the risk of paying a winning defendants attorneys slants, which could be costly enough to discourage even valid suits. intimately importantly, these suits are still subject to the literal controversy requirement of the Constitution. 17 What this means in the context of citizen suits has not yet been heavily litigated in the Philippines.However, lower court judges often require plaintiffs to taper actual injury in the narrow or traditional legal sense. 18 Likewise, when prosecutors deputize citizens to enforce a suit, judges sometimes avow that much(prenominal) deputization is only valid for a single case or even invalid down the stairs the Rules of the Court. 19 As a result, citizens suit provisions rescue been largely un utilise. 20 Standing nether environmental laws is hotly contested in the U. S. 21 The U. S. has put citizens suit provisions into almost all of its environmental laws.22 Plaintiffs are required to show 1) an injury in fact, 2) causation between the injury and the defendants actions, and 3) redressability in court. 23 NGOs can sue upon a showing that any of their members would have had standing to sue. 24 The focus is not on the injury to the environment, but rather the injury to the plaintiff or NGO representing him. However, the injury can be economic or non-pecuniary, including aesthetic or unskilled value. 25 The Court also held that civil penalties payable to the U. S. Treasury serve as redress as they deter polluters.26 Causation is often the more difficult element to prove, which provide be discussed down the stairs in 4. In sunrise(prenominal) Zealand, the Environment Court has taken a more radical approac h. It has eliminated nominal standing provisions, requiring only that a plaintiff have a greater interest than the public broadly in a controversy or that he represents a relevant public interest. 27 This makes citizen enforcement very easy. However, one might also be concerned about whether this would overburden the court granting standing is a fine balance between permitting valid environmental claims and risking frivolous judicial proceeding.2. strain Actions and Large Number of Plaintiffs As the notorious mudslide at Ormoc in 1991 and Marcopper mine tailings in Marinduque show, injuries from environmental damage can be grave, costly, and venture a huge number of persons. 28 yet in less publicized events, the number of injured persons may often make individual litigation burdensome and complex. Furthermore, some members of an injured material body may be as well poor to prosecute their claims individually. Class action suits can facilitate litigation of such situations by p roviding forThe protection of the defendant from inconsistent obligations, the protection of the interests of absentees, the provision of a convenient and economical means for disposing of similar lawsuits, and the facilitation of the spreading of litigation be among numerous litigants with similar claims. 29 Other studies have shown that partition action suits can provide important social get aheads and encourage citizen enforcement to supplement agency regulation. 30 Class actions may the discourage attorney disloyalty that encourages lawyers to plea bargain for less than the actual injury.As happened in the Chinese poachers case in Palawan, lawyers or prosecutors may not seek full compensation for the damage caused because they have an incentive to expend less time and money on a small case. 31 However, because class actions provide aggregate incentives for lawyers, and fees and settlements undergo higher judicial scrutiny, such disloyal settlements are less apt(predicate) to occur. 32 While the Philippine Rules of the Court provide for class action suits,33 judges will sometimes be reluctant to march classes and instead treat the injuries of plaintiffs as separate, despite any common questions of law or fact.In Newsweek, Inc. v. IAC, the Supreme Court ruled that a defamatory remark directed at 8,500 sugar planters do not necessarily apply to every individual in a group, and consequently are not actionable as a class action. 34 Likewise, a judge might refuse to certify a class of pollution victims because they suffer different types of physical injuries, even if the showtime was the same pollution. In a more litigated legal system, there would be more case law to guide judges on the appropriateness of class actions.However, in the Philippines, this does not yet exist. Add to this the high cost for lawyers, and class actions become even less feasible for most Philippine plaintiffs. 35 In the U. S. , it is much easier to litigate environmental class ac tion suits. The Supreme Court has intelligibly instructed courts to construe its class action rules liberally and encourage class action suits. 36 This limits judicial discretion in refusing to certify classes to only extreme situations. Furthermore, the rules allow plaintiffs to join by default rather than affirmatively.37 For environmental cases, the courts will look at the potential number of plaintiffs or the size of the estimated subject fields that a pollutant has infected to see if plaintiffs have met the numerosity requirement, but they are not required to meet a certain minimum number. 38 For the Philippines, which, unlike the U. S. , has too few environmental class action suits, adopting some of these mechanisms may create a more efficient adjudication process for plaintiffs, defendants, and the courts. 3. Statute of Limitations and Delayed InjuriesUnlike a traditional tort or crime, many environmental injuries are not discrete events but only manifest themselves after m any years. Pollutants may build up in soils, waters, or human bodies for years without reaching a insecure level. Cleanup of such sites can take even longer. For example, when the U. S. military left-hand(a) Subic Bay in 1992, it left behind hazardous waste sites with contaminated water that continue to poison the land over a decade later. 39 However, for environmental torts, the statute of limitations is four years, a relatively brief time.This could preclude the litigation of injuries from pollutants with an onset delayed for many years. Thus far statutes of limitation issues have not been a operative factor in environmental litigation. The Philippine Supreme Court addresses similar problems in opposite field of law with the discovery rule, allowing the statute of limitations to run when the plaintiff actually or should reasonably have detect the injury. 40 However, as the courts handle more brown environment cases, it will have to address the tensions between punishing past violators and protecting defendants from time-barred claims.41 U. S. courts have adopted the due diligence discovery rule, oddly for Clean Water Act and wetlands violations. Because immediate detection of pollution or wicked fill into a wetlands is almost impossible, applying a statute of limitations strictly would defeat the remedial purpose of the act. 42 Courts try to install the Congressional purpose of the statute with the due diligence discovery rule and giving the government a chance to file action against the polluter once the violation is reported to the EPA.43 Some courts44 urinate that a statute of limitation may be inappropriate for cases when pollution continues to cause problems over time. These courts conclude that a Defendants unpermitted discharge of dredged or fill materials into wetlands on the site is a go along violation for as long as the fill remains. Accordingly, the five-year statute of limitations has not yet begun to run. 45 The statute of limitatio n will not run for as long as the pollution remains.Many courts will also treat common law tort nuisances as continuing violations. 46 This approach has the added benefit of allowing the government to fine violators for each day the pollution remains, capturing the more of the costs of environmental destruction. 47 practically of U. S. case law realiseing the effect of statutes of limitations on environmental issues comes from ambiguities in the statute of limitation for complex processes, curiously the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), or Superfund law.48 Because Congress anticipated the complexness and long-term nature of site cleanups, it structured the statute of limitations in a flexible manner, allowing the court hear an initial cost recovery action prior to issuing a declaratory judgment to vacate letting the statute run. It also allows the plaintiff to file subsequent cost-recovery actions to recapture further response costs i ncurred at the site. 49 However, the laws different statutes of limitation for remedial and removal actions phases of the cleanup has led to confusion over how the phases are defined.Courts often defer to EPA determinations in characterizing the type of action due to its technical expertise, rather than making that judgment itself. 50 4. Meeting the Burden of Proof In environmental cases, there may be no line of direct evidence from the perpetrator to the harm. In pollution cases it is often impossible to prove that the plaintiffs harm was caused by his exposure to the toxic material. 51 For example, if some(prenominal) factories dump pollution into Manila Bay, it is impossible to work which caused a particular environmental harm.Furthermore, the courts cannot expect irresponsible scientific certainty on the effects of a health risk such as electro-magnetic palm from power cables. 52 Given these problems, the traditional burden of proof standards, preponderance for civil cases a nd beyond a reasonable doubt for criminal,53 may prove to be prohibitively high. Philippine courts employ liability- fracture mechanisms to manage this barrier in environmental cases. For example, pursuant to the Fisheries Code, courts use reverse burden of proof to place the burden of defense on defendants found with high-explosive or cyanide sportfishing gear.54 Furthermore, the courts have begun to experiment with the precautionary principle, placing the intact rights to health and safety above development. 55 The courts also employs res ipsa loquitor in tort suits,56 although this has not been a prominent feature of environmental litigation. Plaintiffs may also hold multiple defendants jointly and severally probable(p) for an act of environmental destruction that cannot be traced to a single defendant company, such as the pollution in Manila Bay. 57Until recently, Philippine lawmakers did not see a need to introduce a strict liability58 regime into environmental laws. 59 St rict liability was employed in other fields, but not environ-mental laws. more(prenominal) recent anti-pollution laws such as the Clean Air and Solid Waste Management Acts establish that a violation of the standard is actionable done citizen suits. 60 In U. S. , because of its common law tradition, courts are more willing to employ strict liability. Generally, when a defendant, though without fault, has engaged in a shaky activity , there is no justification for relieving it of liability.61 Such perilous activities include operating explosives, thermonuclear energy, hydropower, fire, high-energy explosives, poisons, and other extremely hazardous materials. 62 For citizens suits under environmental statutes, plaintiffs need only show that the law was violated, not prove fault or any actual or threatened harm, without come across to mens rea. 63 When it is impossible to determine the proportion of fault of a large number of defendants, U. S. courts may approximate fault through o ther indicators, including market share and production output. For example, in Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly Co., the New York Court of Appeals work out the size of each defendant drug companys market share for DES to determine their fault in the injuries caused by the drug. 64 This also allows courts to address injuries sustained in the past by approximating past fault through data available in the present. The Environment Court in New Zealand has adopted an even more radical approach and done away with formal burdens of proof. It focuses instead on obtaining the best possible evidence for a case. This makes it easier for plaintiffs appealing to the court to dislodge an unfavorable opinion from a lower court.65 While the Philippine Supreme Court may not wish to go this far, the court could more strict liability for hazardous materials and market share liability tools. 5. Damages and Remedies Even if a plaintiff wins damages from a defendant, if the defendant keeps polluting or cutting tr ees, the damage will continue. 66 In the Philippines, this is especially problematic as the fines and penalties imposed under law are often not enough to change a companys behavior. In severalise to encourage development, Congress prohibit temporary restraining orders against government projects.67 Since government infrastructure projects can cause massive damage to ecosystems, this prohibition is significant. Some courts try to avoid this loophole by claiming that the prohibition cannot violate a persons constitutional right to health or safety. 68 The extent of this loophole is unclear. Finally, even if a plaintiff or prosecution wins its case, most of the time the true costs of the defendants actions will not be reflected in the award. Damages in civil cases and punishments in criminal cases generally capture the costs of any crucifixion caused to humans, not animals or plants.While some settlements may include forcing a defendant to install pollution-control equipment or co ntribute money to conservation programs, this still likely does not recoup the full extent of damage to the environment. It is difficult to regenerate natural forest, coral reefs, or populations of endangered animals. The judicial system does not have much power to remedy this problem. The decision on the purpose of environmental laws and how much plaintiffs recover is for the Congress. However, it is important for judges to understand that environmental cases deal with only a fraction of the true costs of environmental damage.This may convince some judges to be more sympathetic toward environmental cases. While punishments for defendants may seem exorbitant, understanding the unaccounted costs of environmental damage puts these into perspective. B. Access to and Competency of Justice Aside from the legal issues described above, in any country, there are a host of practical and logistical issues that stuff the judicial systems ability to handle environmental cases. This includes th e lack of financial resources of plaintiffs, particularly in poorer parts of the Philippines.Plaintiffs and their lawyers must also feel safe from physical and financial harassment while litigating their case. On the other hand, both courts and lawyers are often unfamiliar with environmental laws and science, limiting their ability to adjudicate in the field. Finally, court dockets are often congested, and environmental cases are not presumptuousness priority. The judicial systems role in addressing these issues ranges from fairly involved to almost no role. Yet, in attempting to understand environmental adjudication in the Philippines, it is crucial to recognize the role these practical realities play.1. Financial Costs of Adjudication In any legal system, register and litigating a case takes an enormous amount of time and money. Philippine courts impose a filing and copy fee, although these are waived for citizens suits. Reflecting on his experiences, famous environmental attorn ey Antonio Oposa suggested that these costs were the greatest inhibitions for most plaintiffs. 69 Furthermore, for injunctive remedies, plaintiffs must post a bond to cover the defendants potential damages, which may be too large for a poor plaintiff with livestock and property as his only assets.70 Most Philippine lawyers do not use a contingency fee system, so plaintiffs must be able to pay for legal services up front and over the lengthy litigation process. 71 On top of this, there is the risk of financially crushing harassment suits from defendants, or Strategic slip Against Public Participation (SLAPP). Even the logistics of feeding and housing witnesses, and their lost time from work, poses significant problems for predominantly poorer plaintiffs. In the U. S. , NGOs often receive enough donations to allow them to engage in litigation and have staff lawyers. More importantly, plaintiffs attorneysoften work on a contingency basis, allowing poorer plaintiffs to avoid large fina ncial risk. Furthermore, NGOs and environmental groups pursuance injunctive remedies are often required only to pay a nominal bond or may be exempted completely. 72 While some might worry this makes litigation in the U. S. too easy, it drastically improves poor peoples access to justice. Pursuant to the Constitutions emphasis on the poor, the Supreme Court of the Philippines has taken some safaris to alleviate this problem. Poorer plaintiffs are exempted from paying docket, transcript, and other fees and are granted liberate legal counsel.Furthermore, the Court provides an annual grant to the Integrated Bar of the Philippines Free Legal Aid Program. 73 However, not all environmental plaintiffs qualify as poor, particularly NGOs, even though they often have limited financial resources. Furthermore, even though the amount of the bond is under the discretion of the judge, judges are reluctant to do this because they worry about being accused of abusing their discretion. 74 2. Harass ment of Plaintiffs and Lawyers Because of the high lay on the line involved in environmental cases, defendants may go to extraordinary means to intimidate and harass plaintiffs and their lawyers.It is not uncommon for defendants to lodge harassment or SLAPP suits against environmental plaintiffs or DENR prosecutors to attempt to force them to drop their charges. 75 Enforcers who confiscate the equipment of criminals are often sued for robbery. 76 Some defendants take even more extreme means such as physical violence or even murder. 77 Such dangers were recently illustrated by the murder of environmental advocate Elpidio de la Victoria and death threats against attorney Oposa. 78 This makes lawyers unwilling to take on difficult environmental cases.To stifle SLAPP suits, the courts should promptly apply the anti-SLAPP provisions in the Philippine Clean Air and Ecological Solid Waste Management Acts when applicable. 79 This means dismissing any harassment suits as quickly as possibl e. However, plaintiffs relying on other laws have less protection. 80 Congress must magnify the use of anti-SLAPP provisions to other environmental laws. Furthermore, law enforcement must vigorously prosecute any defendants who use to violence. In short, to facilitate environmental cases, the court must protect the ones bringing the cases. 3.Technical Knowledge Among judge and Attorneys Judges must decide questions of science as well as law in order to dispose of most environmental cases. This is particularly true for brown issues, which involve uncertain science regarding the exact effects of a pollutant. In the U. S. , scientific understanding of pollutants led to novel classes of trespass and tort suits that held emitters liable for their actions. 81 However, both sides in a case will try to use any scientific uncertainty to their advantage, or even create scientific uncertainty even when it does not exist in order to confuse the court.Judges must understand what scientific ev idence should be admitted and what is not valid. 82 Judges and lawyers need to understand the science well enough to determine which arguments are unfounded and which are plausible. Because general the courts have general jurisdiction and are not specialized in environmental issues, this problem will have to be addressed by providing judges and lawyers with supplemental training in environmental sciences and law. PHILJA and other organizations are already successfully doing this. 83 Eventually, however, this problem may be resolved through a change in the adjudication system.If the Philippines touch ons toward environmental courts or administrative adjudication84 (as is being considered), judges would be teach specifically to handle environmental cases. 4. Obtaining and Preserving Evidence For green issues, preserving evidence may be difficult. After an illegal logger or fisher is captured, DENR can confiscate the logs and fish. These goods rot or deteriorate over time. tight-lac ed procedure requires taking pictures of the logs and fish for admission into court. Specially trained fish examiners prepare reports on the cause of death of fish.When done correctly, this preserves the evidence for use at court. However, some areas may not have fish examiners on hand or the prosecution may not properly prepare the pictures for permissible evidence. It is not uncommon for custodians of the confiscated items to lose track of them over time. Because cases take so long in the court system, this can be a real problem. 85 It is also difficult for enforcement agents to find and confiscate the equipment and vehicles used in environmental crimes, as the boats and trucks perpetrators use are highly mobile.Despite the inconvenience it may cause defendants, such equipment must be held as evidence and to prevent further environmental damage. The accused, or unindicted conspirators, will often petition for the release of their equipment. 86 Unfortunately, sympathetic lower cou rt judges may sometimes grant these requests, despite the contravening case law. 87 Moreover, prosecutors must have the vehicles stored in a safe area despite the lack of storage space. Finally, it is important for enforcers to determine the location of violators, particularly close to the boundaries of natural parks. community enforcers may not be trained in determining the exact location of where they apprehended the violators. Wealthier units can use GPS, but often the location of apprehension is disputed. 88 Any doubt in this area can destroy the prosecutions case. 5. Docket Congestion In many countries, including the Philippines, courts are charge with cases. Yet, the Philippines forests and animals are already disappearing quickly. Irreversible damage to ecosystems can occur much more quickly than the many years it may take the court system to resolve a case. As Prof.La Vina noted, the environment cannot wait for the court system. 89 According to Justice Nazario, the Philippi nes necessarily over 300 examination court judges to fill the vacancies and resolve pending cases. 90 Low pay discourages the few who are qualified. Many of these vacancies are in remote parts of the country, such as Nueva Ecija, Occidental Mindoro, and Surigao zero(prenominal)te, where much of the fishing and forestry violations occur. Furthermore, the Supreme Court is burdened by the large amount of cases granted review each year, including the robotic review for death penalty cases. 91Given this burdensome congestion, environmental cases are not given any special treatment on their own merits. Criminal environmental cases may be pretty more expedited because they involve criminal punishments, but most judges and lawyers show no urgency with regard to environmental cases. 92 The Supreme Court attempted to alleviate this problem with Administrative Order No. 150B-93, setting up special courts to handle illegal logging, but these remain underutilized. 93 Until cases can move t hrough the court system more quickly, the enforcement of environmental law will be delayed.III. Conclusion This paper has highlighted important legal and practical issues preventing efficient adjudication of environmental cases in the Philippines. However, due to logistical and budgetary constraints, this paper focused mostly on case law from the Supreme Court and the personal experiences of lawyers. In order to fully understand environmental adjudication throughout the court system, further research should ideally analyze environmental cases from all Municipal and Regional Trial Courts, Courts of Appeal, and the Supreme Court.It is important to see how cases area actually treated, particularly with respect to the issues examined in this paper. Furthermore, there may be important regional variations, particularly between areas with more natural resources and more urban areas. Even before such a study is undertaken, the courts can apply several lessons from this paper in the near fut ure. First, while the courts have already taken commendable travel to waive filing fees and other costs for paupers, as mentioned above the definition of pauper may be under inclusive by not including NGOs.The courts should consider other definitions to reflect the realities of environmental NGOs. 94 Second, the Supreme Court should instruct the courts to dismiss SLAPP suits expeditiously. While the natural resource laws may not have anti-SLAPP provisions, Congress clearly did not intend to encourage such suits and there is nothing legally preventing the courts from dismissing them faster. Finally, the courts can address standing for citizens and class action suits. In particular, it should set out a clear position on standing in environmental cases.Other challenges will require long-term planning for the courts. Reducing the docket congestion is critical to expedite justice, although doing this will likely take years and require more judges. Likewise, the ongoing effort to train j udges and lawyers in environmental law and science must continue, particularly as new judges and lawyers enter the judicial system. The courts should also familiarize themselves with the legal mechanisms available to them, particularly in shifting the burden of proof.However, this will be most useful in pollution cases as they become more common in the future. Ultimately, the challenges described above will require multifaceted solutions from various stakeholders in the Philippine legal system. For example, Congress must work to improve standing and citizens suit provisions in other environmental laws. To reduce the financial risk of brining a suit, law firms could move toward a contingency fee system. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of DENR and environmental agencies to fix that evidence is properly recorded and preserved.Finally, as the Philippine grows and wealth spreads, more plaintiffs will be able to undergo the financial costs of adjudication. Eventually, the best solu tion to these challenges may come not from within the courts but from a new adjudication system. The U. S. has worked successfully with administrative adjudication for environmental issues in the EPA and department of Interior. Other countries have set up independent environment courts. Based on the results of further studies and the needs of the country, the Philippines may move to adopt one of these models.This would allow expert adjudicators to handle cases under rules that make sense for environmental issues. Finally, it is important for judges at all levels of the judicial system to understand the severity of environmental degradation in the Philippines. The only redress environmental plaintiffs or prosecutors may have is in their court. Thus, they should not be reluctant to grant standing or award large damages, when appropriate, because doing so will ensure that both humans and the environment have their proper day in court.