Growth And Evolution Of Tourism Industry

Growth And Evolution Of tourism patienceThe go on of Roman Empire resulted into downf entirely(prenominal) of hindranceism, at least work on the exterminate of Middle East. The available facts reveal that Roman evinced interest in journey temples, shrines, festivals and baths for health and am accustomment. The contours of Development down the stairswent radical change at least till the 15th century. The trade and commerce along with religious activities gained the momentum just till the beginning of industrial revolution, tourism continued to appearride the depend of pilgr mountain range. Of Course a government issue of growings took transport between 15th and eighteenth centuries. Specially In the industrial earth which raised the significance of surplusty or expertise for excelling competition. This motivated the elite of the society to go afield for en bassing the knowledge, speeding up the learning cycle develop the morality and do possible cross fertiliza tion of thoughts and ideas. By the turn of 19th century, we aim multi formulated ripening in transportation, communication and, technological sophistication, which energized the go of industrial transformation. The tourism started developing as a business and the professional impress agents started taking bureau in the process. With the beginning of the 20th century the process of invention and innovation stated gaining momentum which do ways for the schooling of infrastructural facilities and further added new dimensions in tourism business. No doubts, the World state of war I and World warf be II obstructed the flow of nurture except the second one-half of the 20th century proved to be golden age, since al almost all the countries of the world started patronizing tourism as an meaning(a) economic activity.Thomas cook was of the view that beauty is for the people. The judgment of Mr. Cook generated new dimension in the tourism business, which paved robust avenues for development of tourism as an industriousness. We cant deny that since the while time-worn croak has been offset printing choice of masses , the qualitative improvement in the process could take place with the participation and co-operation of leading world- panoptic arrangement , such(prenominal) as WORLD TOURIST ORGANISATION, PACIFIC AREA run ASSOCIATION, INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OFFICIAL TRAVEL ORGANISATION or so With the development of a broader concept, the essence of Tourism further di appeaseed and it was more than holistic approach because in the general theory of tourism, W warp Hunziker and Kurt Kraph (1942) considered it both a serviceman As considerably as economic activity. In 1974, Burkat and Medlik again fleecy up this approach since they viewed tourism as a composite phenomenon embracing a whole range of polar relationship between perishers and the entertain population.The intensity contradictory exchange requirement was found at its note and the touris m appe atomic result 18d to all of them an important source to be tapped optimally. In the face of succulent benefit, the developed, less developed and even the Developing countries started assigning callable weight age to the tourism labor in their national development agenda. We agree with this view that with tremendous Socio-economic potential drop, the tourism exertion is considered to be an economic bonanza which paves avenues for the Development of a human body of allied Industries, such as hotel, communication, banking transportation, trade and commerce or so. In increase, we also consider tourism a potential source for making possible world tranquillity through mutual appreciation and international understanding.In the Indian perspective, we determine Seventh Five Year Plan as peeingshed in the Development of tourism industry. For the first time, the vast potential of tourism as a foreign exchange earner and generator of employment opportunities was recognized.s everal(prenominal) policy initiatives were taken to develop the tourism sector In the development of tourism, the public sector has made a significant contri stillion. Of late, the industry is equipt with a liable infrastructural metrical unit and is poised for a self-sustained growth. The emerging growth of tourism is required to be activated with the support of the nonpublic sector. The strategy for the development of tourism is required to be designed on the basis of low-cost economy, higher level overlapionivity, efficiency in the use of infrastructure and sophisticated tourist facilities.The tourism industry bounced back from the global economic slowdown of come through year with 2011 poised to show a positive growth name. As a matter of fact tourism is matchless of the largest industries globally, both in terms of size and employment ($5.4 one thousand thousand and 8.6 per cent of the global workforce.)Indian tourism industry contri entirelyes 6.4% of positive GDP. T his compargons to 3.3% for automotives manufacturing, 4.5% for tuition and 3.7% for the mining industry. So INR 6.7 billion is contributing from tourism industry in India.PRODUCT PROFILE1. Holiday as a Base locoweed Market, Popular Market2. Demand as base Primary, Secondary opportunity3. Geography as a base Cities, Provinces, Regions, Countries4. Psychography as a base Lifestyle, Personality Motive, Product, Knowledge.5. Demography as a base Age, Sex, Occupation, Class, Religion.6. Socio-economic of base Rich, Poor, Rural, Urban, Literate, ill-informed7. Purpose as a base Business Travel, Cultural Tourism, putting surface Interest8. Age as base Kids, Teens, Youths, Young, Married, Single.The holiday base focuses or attention on the fact that long-distance tours require availability of more leisure hours. The holiday grocery is single outified in terms of demand. The different categories ar, the mass market, the popular market and the individual holiday market. The mass market involves largest number of- vacationists who generally break down in long groups. They cull encompassing tours. The users belong to the conservative group in which we find skilled and semi-skilled workers, industrial employees as the potential users. The users atomic number 18 generally class one and class two groups, pensioners and retired people. The individual holiday market involves kindly group-A7 like bodied chairman and senior executives. We find an apparent change in the behavioral profile of different categories in the holiday base. An an otherwise(prenominal) base is contributeing in which we find business travel market, cultural tourism market, usual interest tourism market and conference and convention.The demand base classifies markets into first tourism market, secondary tourism and opportunity tourism. The geographic base includes lifestyle, personality, motives, crossroad and knowledge. The demography base covers age, sex occupation, class and religion. The socioeconomic base makes compartmentalisation like rich, poor, rural, urban, literate and illiterate. The age-base classifies markets for kids, teens, youths, young married and old people market.The said(prenominal) small segments change the project of tourist professionals. They know closely the ever-changing call for and requirements of different segments and innovate their strategic decisions accordingly. The development of trade resources in tune with the changing levels of expectations make the ways for the stimulation of demand and simplify the task or marketers. It is in this context that we pack to segment the market for the different allied industries religious serviceing the tourism industry in numerous ways.Designing a Package TourIn the process of formulating a sound product strategy, at that place are a number of factors to be effrontery due attention. The designing of a sheaf tour occupies a place of outstanding significance. For the pr ofitable selling of tourism go, it is pertinent that the different components of product are managed in a right fashion. This gravitates our attention on the offering of a package holiday product which necessitates commission of the chase factors.DestinationThe development of destination or tourist sites has a farther- guideing tint on pull outing the tourists. It is all-important(a) that destination or the tourist sites are comfortably accessible. This necessitates safe, fast and reliable transportation facilities hither and thither the tourist sites. To be more specific for promoting world tourism or attracting the foreign tourists, it is prerequisite that the flying time is made proportionate. The site should be clean, the beaches should be sandy, sun-shine should be certain, the entertainment facilities at the site should be of tint the site should be safe to walk about, the local people should be friendly, the tour operator, the travel guides and others should hand competence of speaking English and other regional languages. These facilities at the destination would add attractions.Management of AirportWhile managing the tourism product, the airports are required to be managed railroad carefully. The airport should be local and convenient. The arrangement for car parking should be safe and adequate. It should not be congested but it should be ample. In addition, the shopping facilities should be duty free. The airport should be clean and the vehicles should be available so that tourist doesnt face most(prenominal) trouble. Besides, the security measure arrangement should be tight to protect the passengers and their valuables. The aesthetic management occupies a place of significance in the very context.AirlinesThe flights should main(prenominal)tain the time schedule otherwise a dislocation may invite varied problems, not solely to the tourists but even to the airport authorities. The services should be reliable, good and polite. The so phisticated modern aircrafts of new generation should be include in the fleet to attract the tourists. The safety record should also be up to mark to remove the fear psychosis or psycho-fobia.Road and kick TransportationFor the tourists preferring to travel by buses of railways, it is significant that the stations are surface managed. The booking and reservation counters should be managed scientifically. The enquiry should be engageled by emergenceive and well behaved staff. The safety arrangement should be adequate to counter the police and order signposts should be positioned at right places to help the travelling passengers.HotelsFor managing the hotel services, it is essential that we are also careful to the hotel accommodation facilities. It is pertinent that hotels are comfortably accessible to the tourist sites or beaches or shops. The hotel personnel trustworthy and able enough to speak English and other regional languages. They are alleged(a) to be friendly. The man agement of facilities at hotels need due care. Though the touchstone of services, amenities and facilities depend upon the grade of hotels still it is essential that hotels offer the promised services to the users. The gap between the services-promised and service-offered should be bridge over. The hotels should be well maintained, the interior decoration should be attractive possibly a fair mix of easterly and western culture, the atmosphere should be calm and quiet specially at the night time, public rooms should be adequate in number, the travel pool should be bully and clean where inflow and outflow of water should be scientific to protect the danger of water contamination or pollution. at that place should be bar with good range of drinks.The bedrooms should be spacious in which balcony facilities should be made available. The childcare services should also be made available. Particularly at the beach loses, the sea view should be possible with all rooms, in-room telepho nic services should be available, in, and room-TV should be provided. There should be adequate cupboard space. The hangers should be attractive and artistic, toilets should be neat and clean and well equipped with east and west provisions. The lighting and public discussion arrangements should be adequate. The intensity of light at different points should be given due weightage. While managing hotels, the restaurants and cafeterias also need due care. The restaurants and cafeterias should be well managed. The food and drinks should have taste-orientation. The varieties of meals and drinks should be available. The seating arrangements should be comfortable, the meal should be flexible and the hotel personnel should be polite and friendly.Re variant RepresentativesRegarding representatives of resort, they should be-knowledgeable friendly, accessible and competent. multifacetedIn addition, the fellow travelers should be like-minded. The main thing is to make the tour pleasant and memo rable. If the tourists have companionable fellow travelers, the journey would of course remain memorable.The aforesaid facts make it clear that being an amalgam of a number of industries and services, the tourism industry is known as a multi-segment industry in which the designing of a package which proves its instrumentality as a motivational force is found a bit difficult and challenging. It requires professional excellence so that we are in a position to assess the changing levels of expectations of the guests/tourists and all the required amenities and facilities are made available to help tourists to go to the destination, to enjoy and to come back safely. The tour operators and transport operators bear the responsibility of formulating a package tour and therefore they should have world class professional excellence to know and understand their changing needs and requirements.The services are related to a number of industries managed by others and therefore, the tour operator s and transport operators managing the affairs should make it sure that whatever the promises they have made on behalf of hotels, airways, railways, roadways are not to be distorted. This is likely to project the image of tour operators and therefore a gap between the services-promised and services-offered would make the task difficult. It is against this background that designing of a package tour occupies a place of outstanding significance and all the allied industries making the package are required to be careful that they are not inviting degeneration.DEMAND closing OF THE INDUSTRYYou should know this fact that India is such a hoidenish which is rich in beautiful and amazing places. or so places are god created whereas whatever are manmade. But in spite of having unbeatable tourism potential, lesser number of tourists visit different destinations of India for which it is known. Though Government authorities are continuously paying attention towards the growth of the tourism industry but still it is wishinging the attention of a good number of travelers. It is a fact that tourism industry is contributing a large sum of money to the total GDP of the country so governments want to attract a good number of tourists to India. But Indian tourism is pretermiting a good number of tourists. This may be due to various lawsuits. Some of the important reasons arePRICE-While time and expenditure are self-ex visualiseatory, pricing is an art in itself andrequires careful study as part of corporate policy. Price is the most powerful single variable in the marketing mix. But it does not operate in isolation. Value for money, albeit at different levels, is imperative. The product must be in demand or fashionable. It may be in short generate. Competition can be weak or strong, affecting achievable rates.The wide variety of flight path and hotel rates for basically the same product at different multiplication and conditions of sale reflect these characteristics. The market may be very price sensitive, as in the case of traffic from Northern European urban areas to Mediterranean beaches where there is a strong competition and a wide choice. There are also resorts and their establishments offering exclusive attractions, justifying a tribute price. Price discounting and discrimination, and segmentation, in the market has always been a feature in travel services. The historic rule is to chargewhat the market exit bear. The product is highly perishable and cannot bestored. It is necessary normally to appeal to a number of differentsegments. The railways invented first-, second- and third-class travel onscheduled services. When capacity exceeded demand, excursions andpackage tours were invented, the purpose being to sell to capacity andmaximize the yield or return. Prices can be lowered segment by segment.But the marketing task is to ensure that cheap traffic does not drive outor invade the higher price and regular clientele. Airlines, for exam ple,offer Saturday night stopover fares at half or less than full fare, on theassumption that full fare paying travelers, notably business travelers, willnot stay over the weekend. In times of crisis or recession, special rates apply. In fact, recession has always been the mother of invention in tourism, giving rise to new initiatives that created new movement.Packages, cruises, medical specialist tours are all examples. Indeed m whatever another(prenominal) hotels have created events to attract business. Tactical juts must be highly flexible, short term and changing to meet thevarying tides in demand, oddly seasonal change. Economic and policy-making perturbations usually unexpected, can alter trade suddenly andsometimes with great force. Currency devaluation, the Gulf War and thesevere recession of 1991 in world markets are examples.The strategic plan with its long-term marketing implications needsconsideration with the development plan. As marketing has a key role inproduct f ormulation the plan must consume market segments. For example, it may give antecedence to quality and higher priced services, which will affect the enthronement in equipment to provide luxuriousness items. It will be important to select segments that fit together. At a later stage in preparing the marketing plan, a detailed product/market match exercise will be necessary.The early resort promoters understood the selective approach very well.There were from their inception select resorts, usually quiet, small andpatronized by the upper classes and higher spenders, and large, gregarious resorts which were popular centers for lower class visitors.THE SUPPLY DETERMINANTS-There are supply determinants, ranging from absolutes such as under- orovercapacity to infrastructure weakness, e.g. transport bottlenecks andhealth and security dangers or political instability. Such factors can seriouslylimit or even destroy for a time a tourist destinations reply capacity. Themarketing plan will take such factors into tale.SEGMENTATION AND need-Two key aspects of the third demand determinant consumer preference need careful study. Indeed the success of the whole marketing operationdepends on this. They are segmentation and motivation.Tourisms mass expansion takes m whatsoever different forms. It is a heterogeneousnot a homogeneous movement, made up of many different types oftraveler, seeking a wide range of tourism products. thereof the massmovement divides up into a number of segments, each differing from theothers and needing a separate approach in sales, servicing and productprovision.There are many possible divisions and subdivisions which can be madeusefully in planning, but essentially the segmentation task is to identifyspecific groups in the travelling population interested in the same type of initiation and service. The group identified must be large enough to visageseparate marketing or production attention, to make a specialist approachprofitable. It must a lso be possible and practical to reach this section of thepopulation in an effective way. This means that the group should not be toodispersed, and that there should be efficient media and distribution carry enabling the producer to reach the customer at a reasonablemarketing cost. There are a number of criteria and categories in segmenting the total market.POOR ARRANGEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION FOR THE TOURISTS- Even after making massess of causa in improving qualities of the comforts for the tourists, it is said that the transportation system still requires to be improved. Tourists from outside India want to enjoy their tour with comforts in all respect and they are ready to pay for all these facilities. So it is essential to offer the best transport facilities for the tourists in order to attract more and more tourists.NON-STANDARDIZATION OF FARES AND RATES- There are not any standard fares and rates for the transportation. Due to this tourists face lots of problem. Most of the tr avel agencies want to earn more and more especially from the tourists outside India. This in the long run gives a bad impression of India on outsider.IMPROPER MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGES- With the publicity of tourism industry in India, numbers of heritages and resorts are built at different destinations in order to avoid inconvenience to the tourists. But most of the heritages are not maintained properly and these things are disliked by the tourists especially from outside India.LACK OF SECURITY AND CHANCES OF HARASSMENT- If we talk about the security of the tourists, it is little bit weak. We cant say with full self-reliance that the tourists who tour to India are secured completely.LACK OF TRAINED AND PASSIONATE PROFESSIONALS- Due to need of trained and passionate professionals, tourists dont enjoy and get satisfied fully.LACK OF promotional STRATEGIES- Indian tourism must adopt a good number of promotional strategies which will help in attracting a large number of tourists.ABSE NCE OF HYGIENIC AMENITIES IN THE RESORTS AND HOTELS- Though there are numbers of hotels and resorts but most of them lack in hygiene especially in the basic amenities which they offered to the tourists.PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRYTOURISM COMPANIES food market SHARESPrime TravelsThomas Cook IndiaSOTC toursCox KingsClub Mahindra HolidaysKuoni Travel Group, IndiaGalileo internationalisticGoodwind Travels Pvt. LtdAirtravel Enterprise IndiaCompass Tours IndiaKEY ISSUES AND CURRENT TRENDSTourism as one of the important foreign exchange earning industries has manifested great potential of growth under liberalized Indian economy. To attract the foreign tourists in India, liberal policies and reduction in taxes along with a comprehensive package for attracting tourist and foreign investment are the need of the hour. There is also a need to ontogenesis the governments role in promoting India as a brand. Just like exports and other sectors, tourism will grow only if the India brand is establishe d in the global market. Hence, we must have an open mind on alliances with other countries, which might help in adopting better promotion strategies, marketing, services and packaging. entirely overall growth can help in improving revenue enhancement generation, which needs to grow in line with the additional capacity being setup by the hospitality industry.Present Position of Tourism Industry in India-It may be mentioned here that the Government of India had no Tourism Policy for more than forty years since the initiation of planning in the country in1951. Consequently, no efforts were made to lay down any sort of infrastructure for the promotion and development of tourism industry in the country. As a matter of fact, the country, after independence, had to pay serious attention towards increase food production and laying down infrastructure for industrial development. On both the fronts, the country made tremendous progress and became leader of the developing nations. In order t o achieve targets of faster economic growth, a number of Public Sector Enterprises were set up including India Tourism Development Corporation. However, no worthwhile progress was made in developing tourism in accordance with tourism potential of the country. It was only in 1992 that a tourism policy was laid down by the Government of India.As far as total revenue to the Government of India is concerned, tourism is the third largest source of foreign exchange earnings to the country after garments, gems and jewelry. India has tremendous potential to earn more foreign exchange because it has a immense and diverse potential for tourism ranging from pilgrimage tourism, beach tourism, eco-tourism, spiritual and health tourism to leisure and adventure tourism. The amazing diversity offers tourists everything they want to enjoy from a holiday but still we could not capitalize on the huge variety of amusements offered by our country. In order to attract the influx of tourists in the years to come, the Government of India has allocated US $590 million for the tourism sector for the current of 2002-07. While the global tourism market has shown negative growth, tourist arrivals in India have improved a little in the recent past. This is a positive indication but oft more can be done to promote inbound tourism in India. In brief in India, the tourists feel insecure and irritated on account of outcaste paper work, time consuming compliance of various rules and regulations, customs and immigration formalities, currency convertibility, beggars, tipping, bargaining, environmental pollution, transport problem, high rates and taxes etc. Beggars are such a nuisance that they are visible almost at all tourist spots, hotels, shopping centers, markets, monuments, places of worship, railway stations and bus stands. They ceaselessly follow the visitors and there have been occasions that the tourists are so much irritated that they cut short their visits, shopping and spending . The tourists, thus, ignore India to avoid hassles and prefer other destinations where the specter of poverty and its manifestation like begging do not spoil their holiday spirit. Thus, Indias third largest foreign exchange earning industry is beset with a large number of problems. These problems have been examined in greater details in the pages that follow.RECENT CHALLENGES OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN INDIA-During the last few years tourists have witnessed good amount of violence and cleanup almost in every country including India. Kashmir, historically known as promised land on the Earth, appears to be deserted on account of terrorist act and violence. A large number of tourists, who used to visit and stay for a longer period in the Kashmir valley, do not tour the secernate of Jammu Kashmir for fear of violence and aggression. The business travelers also schedule their business trips only when it is absolutely essential. In fact, terrorism and violence have become the first and the foremost problem for tourists everywhere and India is no exception. The problem has assumed such alarming proportions that the world community must find its last in solution. The injustices done to the people in various parts of the world have result in great damage to tourism industry all over the world Tourists, especially of the developed countries have been avoiding such destinations where there is any chance of violent activities against them. The problem has become so ague that the Governments in UK and the USA, in the recent past, had to issue travel advisories to their tourists. Though these travel advisories were, later on, withdrawn but the damage had already been done. India is not a preferred destination now for most of the Western tourists who spend, from our standards, a lot of money on tourism. Tourists are also irritated on account of unwanted paper work, time was the compliance of rules and regulations in India. In addition to customs and immigration formalitie s, language barriers are also the major(ip) problems go about by the foreign visitors. The difficulties of entry and exit too spoil half of the holiday charm. Again, our poor infrastructure, shortage of packaged tours, lack of connectivity between places, lack of transportation, our failure to create mass awareness throughout the world, polluted environment, cracking economic and social behavior, inadequate and inexperienced staff, uneasy current convertibility and lack of multi-linguistic guides come in their way of pleasant tour and make the foreign tourists reluctant to come to India.PEST AnalysisThe Indian tourism industry has seen rapid growth in the last few years. Before any kind of analysis is undertaken, it is important to find out what are the main environmental influences that have lead to this growth and how the extent to which the changes are occurring. This is important because the change in these factors can have significant effect on the way the industry performs.T hese environmental influences can be analyzed by using the PEST Analysis. The PEST Analysis within its parameters indicates the importance of the political, environmental, social and the technological changes on the industry.a) Political / Legal PoliticalThe political factors are the main force of the industry. The Indian tourism industry is built on the backbone of Government support and the industry cannot sustain itself without it. The various archeologic sites and the places of historical importance, the roads and the railways are all in the hands of the Government. all the support services like the hotel industry, the airlines industry and the tourist operators to name some are heavily dependent on the support and the cooperation of the Government. The major reason as to why the tourist visits India is for the vast and rich heritage that our country has .That is under the control of the Government through the Archaeological Survey of India. either policy change that comes in to force can have salient effect on the way the industry players perform. For example, the Government charges high rates of taxes on the luxury and the star category hotels and this has always been a cause of disagreement between. The hotel association and has been getting many incentives and many has been getting the government .There are many areas where the growth of tourism has not been rapid or has been dramatic fall because the political environment has been conductive. Examples are the North East for the actor and Kashmir for the later. The neglect of the Government in Developing the North East leads to a situation where there is practically no tourism in the seven.Similarly, the political turmoil in the state of Kashmir has seen the virtual decimation of the flourishing tourism industry. The Heaven on Earth is A virtual hell for the industry. There has been a major change in the policies of the Government as regard to the industry. The hotel industry has been getting many incentives and many State Government are back up the growth of major hotels in their states. After years of tight control over airport infrastructure, Government has finally taken the decision to privatize the airport. Cobwebs and even rats were the frequenters in the arrival lounge at a major international airport of India . It is the only way to improve their condition.Tourism has been a Neglected sector in India .Though it was recognized As a priority sector in the Seventh Five Year Plan but hardly anything was done to promote this industry. Recently, the BJP Government has even dropped it from the National agenda. It is t