Morality & Ethics Essay Example for Free

Morality Ethics Essay J. M. FINNIS: Rules made, in accordance with regulative legal rules, by a determinate and effective authority (itself identified and standard constituted as an institution by legal rules) for a ‘complete’ community, and buttressed by sanctions in accordance with the rule-guided stipulations of adjudicative institutions. [1] NATURALISTS ST. THOMAS AQUINAS: A rational ordering of things which concern the common good, promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community. [2] SOCIOLOGISTS ROSCOE POUND: Law is more than a set of abstract norms, it is also a process of balancing conflicting interests and securing the satisfaction of the maximum wants with the minimum of friction. [3] WHAT IS MORALITY? No single definition can be offered to describe what morality is, but in general morality can be understood as a rule prescribing between what is wrong and what is wrong. It could also mean a value of the acceptable and unacceptable norm of a given society. Some reserve terms moral and immoral only for the realm of sexuality and use the words ethical and unethical instead of the word moral when discussing how the business and professional communities should behave towards their members or toward the public. [4] RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITY 1. The existence of unjust laws proves that morality and law are not identical and do not coincide. 2. The existence of laws that serve to defend basic values, law and morality can work together. 3. Laws can state what overt offenses count as wrong and punishable. 4. Laws govern conduct at least partly through fear of punishment. 5. Morality can influence the law in the sense that it can provide the reason for making whole groups of immoral elections illegal. 6. Law can be a public expression of morality which codifies in a public way the basic principles of conduct which a society accepts. [5] PUBLIC PROSECUTOR v MOHD ROMZAN BIN RAMLI[6] BRIEF EXPLANATION ON THE CASE: Mohd Romzan bin Ramli was charged under the offence of incest under the provision of section 376A of the Penal Code- a person is said to commit incest if he or she has sexual intercourse with another person whose relationship to him or her is such that he or she is prohibited, under the law, religion, custom or usage applicable to him or her, to marry that person; and was sentenced to six years of imprisonment and one stroke of rotan under section 376B(1)- punish with imprisonment between 6 to 20 years and whipping; of the same Code. The accused had committed the crime in between early January 2006 to 26th May 2006 in a room at his house in Kulai, Johor Bharu, Johor. To an 11-year old girl, Nurul Atikah bte Abdul Kadir, which is also his stepdaughter. In 2006, the girl was forced to undress by the accused and was disturbed sexually by him. He had done the disturbance to her several times. In addition, he threatened her not to tell anyone and had beaten her. Father of the victim, lodged a police report after he had noticed changes in his daughter after he had picked her from his ex-wife’s home. After medical check-ups were done by the doctor, the victim suffered from injuries in her private part and was treated by a psychologist. The accused pleaded guilty in front of the judge,Zawawi Salleh in the High Court of Johor Bharu, prosecuted by the Deputy Public Prosecutor, Husmin Hussin (Johor, State Legal Advisor Office). However, his sentences was changed to eleven years of imprisonment and three strokes of rotan, after the case was appealed to the High Court Of Johor Bharu from the Sessions Court Johor Bharu. The sentences were changed as it was unfair to the victim by taking her trauma and injuries into account and the public views about this case. OPINION/CONCLUSION In my opinion, the action of appealing the judgement made by the Sessions Court of Johor Bharu was a just and fair decision. Six years of imprisonment with one stroke of rattan is too little compared to the crime. According to John Austin, he defines law as a command given by a sovereign who may be a King, council or parliament. Such a command in his view is backed by coercion so that any person who violates the law, suffer the pain provided by law. [7] The accused needs to be punished for what he had done to the victim. The victim was just a little, innocent girl compared to him whose already old enough to think about right and wrong. Secondly, punishments for committed crimes are not only to punish the criminals, it is also as a deterrence to the public to not commit the same crime as they will be punished in accordance with the law too. Six years imprisonment and one stroke of rattan are not sufficient enough to deter the crime. As John Austin stated on why do we have to obey the law? It is because of the fear of sanction. Austin view is the fear by which the law, by its coercive power, strikes in the heart of the people is what makes people obey the law. If we remove the element of fear from the law, it would not be obeyed as there would be no deterrence. In other words, if a law is made without sanction, it would be disobeyed. [8] Lastly, after the High Court Judge of Johor Bharu sentenced the accused to eleven years of imprisonment and three strokes of rattan, only then, the justice can be seen. Bentham refers justice as maximum happiness of maximum number of people. [9] The public’s views on the case are also need to be considered. Minimum sentences given could cause an uproar in the society. Even Hart mentioned that justice is a shared concept; everybody wants justice seen and done. This is also supported by the aim of having law is to maintain peace and harmony. [1] M. D. A Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence, page 178. [2] M. D. A Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence, page 143. [3] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, 1994, International Law Book Services, Kuala Lumpur, page 205. [4] Jacques T. Ethics Theory and Practice, (5th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, (1995): 3. [5] Basic Observations on Law and Morality. 10 September 2001. Web. 13 August 2012. [6] â€Å"Public Prosecutor v Mohd Romzan bin Ramli. † Malayan Law Journal, 22nd January 2012. Web. 13th August 2012. . [7] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, page 72,80,81. [8] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, page 74. [9] â€Å"Jeremy Bentham. † N. p. Web. 14th August 2012. .

Essay on Escape in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass Menagerie essays

Escape in The Glass Menagerie In Tennessee Williams' play, The Glass Menagerie, none of the characters are capable of living in the real world. Laura, Amanda, Tom and Jim use various methods to escape the brutalities of life. Laura retreats into a world of glass animals and old gramophone records. Amanda is obsessed with living in her past. Tom escapes into his world of poetry writing and movies. Jim also reverts to his past and remembers the days when he was a hero. Laura retreats into a world of glass animals and old gramophone records. Even when it appears that Laura is finally overcoming her shyness and hypersensitivity with Jim, she instantly reverts back to playing the Victrola once he tells her he's engaged. She is unable to cope with the truth so she goes back to her fantasy world of records and glass figurines. Laura can only live a brief moment in the real. Amanda is obsessed with her past as she constantly reminds Tom and Laura of that 'one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain' when she received seventeen gentlemen callers (Williams 32). The reader cannot even be sure that this actually happened. However, it is clear that despite its possible falsity, Amanda has come to believe it. She refuses to acknowledge that her daughter is crippled and refers to her handicap as 'a little defect - hardly noticeable' (Williams 45). Only for brief moments does she ever admit that her daughter is 'crippled' and then she resorts back to denial. She doesn't perceive anything realistically. She believes that this gentleman caller, Jim, is going to be the man to rescue Laura and she hasn't even met him yet. She tells Laura when Laura is nervous about the gentleman caller, 'You couldn't be satisfied with just sitting home', whe... ...he major characters in this play are so warped and their lives so distorted and perverted by fantasies that each is left with only broken fragments of what might have been' (Davis 205). Works Cited Thompson, Judith J. Tennessee Williams' Plays: Memory, Myth, and Symbol. New York: Peter Land Publishing, Inc., 1987. Davis, Joseph K. "Landscapes of the Dislocated Mind in Williams' The Glass Menagerie." Tennessee Williams: A Tribute. Ed. Jac Tharpe. Hattiesburg: Heritage Printers, Inc., 1977. 192-206. Scanlan, Tom. "Family and Psyche in The Glass Menagerie." Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie. Ed. R.B. Parker. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983. 96-108. Williams, Tennessee. "The Glass Menagerie." Concise Anthology of American Literature. Ed. George McMichael. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985. 2112-2156

Bamboozled: Black People and White Man Essay

In 2000, Spike Lee wrote and directed the film Bamboozled. When discussing his satirical film, Spike Lee claimed, â€Å"I want people to think about the power of images, not just in terms of race, but how imagery is used and what sort of social impact it has – how it influences how we talk, how we think, how we view one another[. . . ]how film and television have historically[. . . ]produced and perpetuated distorted images. † Spike Lee certainly conveyed this message in Bamboozled. Images are powerful and carry massive social impact. They should never be misrepresented. Are all African Americans either lazy or dim-witted or â€Å"happy servants†, always ready and willing to please the White Man? The short answer is, no. However, throughout the 1800s and early 1900s, many people believed this. The ultimate question is, why? As explained in the film Ethnic Notions, this false perception grew and grew, even past the time of slavery, due to images. Derogatory images of African Americans as â€Å"happy servants† or â€Å"savages,† were everywhere; they were published in children’s books and slapped on cans of food to be used as a marketing tool. People bought into this perception of African Americans, as they became acclimatized to it. Today, our society likes to believe that times have changed and there is no longer an issue of race or false perception of African Americans in the media. However, Spike Lee argues, â€Å"A new â€Å"phenomenon† has emerged in film in recent years, in which an African-American character is imbued with special powers, filmmaker Spike Lee told a student audience ? This new image is just a reincarnation of â€Å"the same old† stereotype or caricature of African Americans ? Lee cited four recent films in which there is a â€Å"magical, mystical Negro† character ? in â€Å"The Legend of Bagger Vance,† a black man â€Å"with all these powers,† teaches a young white male ? how to golf like a champion ? â€Å"How is it that black people have these powers but they use them for the benefit of white people? † Spike Lee seems to be under the impression that African Americans are still misrepresented in the media. They have only improved their ability to mask the fact. False image is still there, but it is subtle. His film Bamboozled ripped viewers’ eyes wide open. The film explored and demonstrated two images of African Americans. The first image, is the Black Man who is just like the White Man or the Asian Man or the Middle-Eastern Man; a man who can be rich and successful like Pierre Delacroix in Bamboozled; a man who can be poor and when without money will do almost anything for it like Manray and Womack. However, when Pierre Delacroix pitched television shows about a Black Man living in an upper-middle-class white, suburban neighborhood, his superior, Thomas Dunwitty turned them down, â€Å"they definitely don’t want to see dignified black people [on television]. † However, the network would allow Pierre Delacroix to create a show which blatantly degrades African Americans; a show which goes back to the 1900s, to the time of black face and minstrel shows; a time when black people were considered subhuman. This is where Spike Lee demonstrates the other image of the African American; an image that the media has gently forced down viewer’s throats. Spike Lee, however, did not do so gently. The fictional television show in Bamboozled, â€Å"Mantan’s New Millennium Minstrel Show†, starred African Americans in â€Å"black face† acting like buffoons. It might as well have been an authentic minstrel show in the 1900s. There was dancing and singing. The two main characters hid from the White Man in a chicken coup, saying â€Å"ain’t nobody in here but us chickens! â€Å"4 The creator, Pierre Delacroix’s initial intention with this show was not to degrade his own race. It was to â€Å"break the stereotypes. â€Å"5 He figured the nation would be shocked and outraged! Instead they ate it up. The studio audience dressed in black face. Children trick-or-treated in black face. It was the latest craze of the nation. Black face is an act which digs back to a time of slavery, a time where African Americans were considered inferior. It was now socially acceptable to publicly highlight a moment in history that pained African Americans. People figured it’s on TV, it’s OK! The black man was degraded, as he has always been, but in Bamboozled no mercy was spared. Spike Lee used the film in a variety of ways. He attacked today’s media and the way in which it portrays African Americans. He explored the wide scope of African American’s lives, which is no different than the lives of any other race. He demonstrated the consequences of greed and sacrificing one’s dignity. Furthermore, he exposed society for what it really is: mindless. The majority of a population does not question the media. Instead it swallows images whole, even if those images are as false and misleading as a painted black face.

Personal Factors That Affect An Individual s Cognitions...

Personal factors, such as age, gender, traits, and attitudes can impact an individual’s cognitions and influence the type of crime they commit. In accordance to the Penal Reform Trust Bromley Briefings (2016), out of 3,861 women in prison in England and Wales in June 2016, eighty-five per cent are imprisoned due to a non-violent offence. Compared to women, men are more likely to be in prison because of serious violent offences, particularly violence against the person (Allen Dempsey, 2016). This is a possible indication that women and men have a different thinking process due to different social structures. Gender In the past, female violence was socially recognised and celebrated (King, 2013). Famous examples include Joan of Arc, the Amazon fighters, and Boudicca (King, 2013). However, in the current day children are exposed to media and social norms depicting what is expected of each sex (Hoeksema, 1990). It is expected that girls should be ladylike and behave non-violently, while it is more acceptable for boys to misbehave (Hoeksema, 1990). Lawrence Kohlberg (1966) was one of the first supporters for the cognitive theory on sex-typed behaviours and personality traits (Hoeksema, 1990). Kohlberg argued that children construct a cognitive representation of the world, also known as schemas, which then guides their behaviour (Hoeksema, 1990). All children develop a gender schema of how their sex is supposed to behave (Hoeksema, 1990). Perhaps the reason why women are moreShow MoreRelatedFemale Representation For Female Guilty Parties1701 Words   |  7 Pageslike crime and prostitution; the law frequently treats the prostitution exercises of guys and females in an unexpected way. and it has vacillated for still different classifications, for example, exasperated strike and drug law infringement (see Steffens Meier, 1993, for an audit of patterns and clarifications). Studies have consistently shown higher rates of offending for males than for a women and especially higher rates of violence. Gender differences in the development of social cognition mayRead MoreInsight Into Criminal Behavior Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesexposure to criminal behavior increases the chances that those individuals will also engage in criminal behavior. Research gives us insight to prevent or reduce criminality and rehabilitate violators of the law that engage in criminal behavior. What causes people to commit crimes? Interdisciplinary criminology gives us a better understanding from several fields of study of a better understanding of crime. Influential factors that influence criminal behavio rs are psychological, sociological, and biologicalRead MorePublic Inquiry Into A Via Train, Prime Minister Stephen Harper3610 Words   |  15 Pagesrather, they were just individual crimes unrelated to each other (The Star, August 26, 2014). So Harper’s responses basically may be to tell Canadians that the only way to understand and act towards crime is to use laws that punish and discipline offenders and that it ultimately does not matter why the crimes were committed in the first place. This response to me seems very reactionary and residual in that it does not look at how to prevent or understand these types or any crimes, but instead the focusRead MoreWhy Do People Buy Counterfeit Products?3730 Words   |  15 Pages   buy   counterfeit   products?    2       ABSTRACT The elaboration and commercialization of counterfeit products is an issue that has been growing prominently within the last 20 years. There is no place in the world free with this type of products. The modernization and the globalization make the counterfeiting process more difficult to control, affecting not only the countries economy, but also its safety and the citizens’ general integrity. 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According to the Oxford dictionary ‘crime’ is defined as, â€Å"An action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law.† Wilson and Herrnstein confirm this definition – â€Å"any act committed in violation of a law that prohibits it and authorizesRead MoreUtilitarianism And Deontological Ethics : Utilitarianism3422 Words   |  14 PagesSeptember 21,2017 Abstract Usefulness and duty are two of the primary drivers that cause people to take action or not. Usefulness of an action means that the society receives the greatest amount of benefits from the action (or actions) of an individual(s). On the other hand, duty is the obligation or a sense of honor that a society may achieve by following a set code of conduct or ideals to accomplish a goal. Most of the time that goal is for causing good to others. Certain powerful entities,Read MoreChildren in Conflict to the Law12401 Words   |  50 Pagesdetermine appropriate programs and consultation with the client and to person having custody of the child. There are three types of delinquency: the first type is environment delinquent, they are usually occasional law breakers. The second type is emotionally maladjusted delinquents they are the type of offender that they could not avoid or escape from and the third type is the psychiatric delinquent related to serious emotional disturbances in the family or associated to mentally ill tendenciesRead MoreGeriatric Assessment7902 Words   |  32 Pagesof case management, determine long-term care requirements and optimal placement, and make the best use of health care resources. The geriatric assessment differs from a standard medical evaluation in three general ways: (1) it focuses on elderly individuals with complex problems, (2) it emphasizes functional status and quality of life, and (3) it frequently takes advantage of an interdisciplinary team of providers. Whereas the standard medical evaluation works reasonably well in most other populations

Child Child Development And Crime - 2388 Words

Child Development and Crime Imagine you are part of a daycare. It is recess. You see kids running and playing with each other, dogs barking for attention, and some parents taking photos to capture the peaceful moment in time. You then notice a little boy sitting alone, far from the other children. He has bruises on his face and worn out clothing, just like every other day. His expression, always devoid of joy, is filled with fear and tears. And then you realize why- he is being abused. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, approximately 5 children die each day from child abuse (Child Maltreatment 2012). Those who survive till adulthood have been severely impacted both emotionally and psychologically. It is in human nature to be judgmental, and an abused child that grows with an extreme perspective on life as a result of poor guidance increases their chances of leading the path of crime. Even if the abused child does not become a criminal, the damage has already been done, and w ill stay with them forever. One of the causes of crime has largely to do with past conflicts of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. However, before discussing the link between child abuse and crime, child development must be defined and understood. As adolescents grow older, they undergo a process identified as child development. Child development observes the physical and mental progressions from infancy to the end of adolescence. It is a long-term processShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Exposure On Early Child Behavior1732 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior. The study conducted on the impact of exposure to community violence on early child behavior problems confirm the idea that children even raised in harsh or poor environments, is not a valid reason as to why these children are committing these violent crimes. In the study it was found that the link between community violence and problematic behavior during the early years of child development is still an unknown problem to confi rm a direct linkage to a child’s behavior (Linares 639). IRead MoreWk 6 Assignment 2 CIS Essays1372 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Assignment 2: Digital Crime Theories Assignment Angela Marshall Professor Christopher Young Strayer University/Information Technology in Crime February 14, 2015 Select two (2) of the theories, suggested in Chapter 3 of the text that a researcher could use to explain the cause of digital crime. Provide a rationale to support your response. Theories Explaining the Cause of Digital Crime Moral Development Moral Development: is a sequential stage in moral reasoning that individuals passRead MoreWhat Are The Factors Which Makes A Child Criminal?1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe word deviance means behaviors that violate social norms, and this can include crime. The topical question that I want to explore is, â€Å"What are the factors which makes a child criminal?† Article 1 Violence, Crime, and Abuse Exposure in a National Sample of Children and Youth The importance of this article is the fact that it proved, when children are exposed to violence, crime and abuse as it affects their development and the policymakers need to pay special attention to this situation. The objectivesRead MoreRisk factors are centered around parents and caregivers, who is a child’s first form off insight on600 Words   |  3 Pageswhich puts a child at a much higher risk to experience some form of abuse. This concept is prevalent throughout Jorja Leap’s book â€Å"Jumped in.† Many of the people who joined the gang life resorted to the hood because their parents were either incarcerated, too drugged out, or dead. 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The Political Economy Of The Canadian Workers ...

The Book Its Author: â€Å"The Political Economy of Workplace Injury in Canada† is a printed 268 page book written by Dr. Bob Barnetson, who is an assistance professor of labor relations at Athabasca University in Alberta, Canada. The book was published in 2010 by AU Press in Edmonton, Alberta. The author worked for the Alberta Labor Relations Board, the Alberta Workers’ Compensation Board, and for the Alberta government before beginning his tenure with Athabasca University. The purpose of the book is to critically and candidly explore the way in which the Canadian government prevents workplace injuries and handles workers compensation for workplace injury; who exactly benefits from the current system; and in what ways they benefit. The Content: This book takes the reader on a logical and chronological journey of the Canadian workers’ compensation system, beginning with an analysis of the Canadian government’s current injury-prevention efforts, then describing the historical development of Occupational Health Safety within Canada, further taking a deeper dive into the specifics of workers’ compensation including benefit entitlements and limiting power, and concludes with a challenge to the reader to critically examine the current state of workers’ compensation in Canada. The purpose of the book, to open the reader’s eyes to the actualities of worker’s compensation, is achieved by supporting the author’s opinion with real life examples. Chapter 1 discusses the overallShow MoreRelatedUnions Must Pay More Wages1431 Words   |  6 Pagescompensate workers far less and therefore charge less per unit of production. We re no longer in a national economy; we re in a global economy. 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Impact on wide area network Essay Example For Students

Impact on wide area network Essay PACT OF WIDE AREA NETWORKS ON BUSINESSWhere does one start when discussing the impact of Wide Area Networks (WANs) on business? Its been huge! WANs have created an entirely new segment in the business market and revolutionized many of the current ones. A person could write for days or months about all the impacts and effects WANs have had. This essay will focus on three primary areas to describe the impact of WANs on business. First, some specific types of applications will be discussed and how they can improve day-to-day business operations. WANs enable various communication mediums to exist that significantly improve the speed of business communications. The telephone and e-mail are a couple of examples. WANs also allow various marketing and financial applications to improve business operations. Next, some real world examples will be provided to show the actual impact WANs are having. The travel industry, JCPenney, Varsity Books, and Wal-Mart are just some of literally thousands of companies that have capitalized on the capabilities WANs provide. Finally, the importance of WANs and the benefits they can generate will be discussed. Specifically, the strategic leverage and competitive advantages that can be created and maintained by implementing the use of WANs will be addressed. Before getting into specific business applications, lets quickly review what a wide area network (WAN) is. Ray Hunt and John Vargo define a WAN as, A telecommunication network allowing connection of computers, peripherals, and other devices, such as telephone and fax, that are at a distance from one another (1996, p. 463). WANs extend across geographic boundaries such as streets, cities, states, and even countries, into the public domain where anybody can use them (Hunt Vargo, 2000). By allowing anybody and everybody into the public domain, WANs opened a completely new market for businesses that was previously not available to them. As a result, WANs grew larger and new communication methods and business applications were developed to capitalize on the WAN technology and architecture. The telephone system is an example of a wide area network. Its impact on business, and on most peoples lives in general, is rather obvious. It is one of the primary methods of communication we use today. Other, and relatively newer methods based on WANs include electronic mail (E-mail), voice mail, fax machines, and teleconferences. These applications/technologies have improved business communications by:1) Reducing the effect of telephone tag2) Minimizing time spent in telephone conversations3) Providing the ability to send and/or receive files4) Providing the ability to retain a permanent record of the communication5) Minimizing problems associated with geographic and time differences6) Reducing paper handling and associated costs (Hunt ; Vargo, 2000)The impact of business communications can not be understated. One senior executive states, Good communications are the lifeblood of any enterprise, large or small. Communications are essential to keep our entire organization functionin g at maximum levels and to make the most of our greatest management resource-our people (Blanchard, Hersey, ; Johnson, 1996, p. 338). Communication is not the only business activity WANs can significantly impact. Various marketing applications can be implemented using WANs. A reservation system is a good example of the way companies can market a seat on an airplane or a room in a hotel. The wide area network provides the link between the customer and the database that maintains up to the minute availability information. Customers can act as their own travel agent in the convenience of their own home or business. Companies can advertise and promote their services to a large segment of the market; the online market. Teleshopping is another area where marketing applications have experienced tremendous growth. Teleshopping, or electronic commerce (E-commerce) means shopping or conducting business electronically over WANs. Countless new companies have started that sell their products solely over the Internet. Many other established companies have started selling their products over the Internet in addition to their traditional locations. The concept is simple. Customers can browse the companys pro ducts over the Internet. If they find something they want, they can order it and pay with a credit card (also over the Internet). The company will ship the product(s) directly to the customers home or business. A customer never has to leave their home or place of business to conduct transactions. This capability attracts an entirely new market and revenue potential for companies. Similar financial services and applications are available. Use of WANs to conduct financial transactions is now commonplace in our society. We use automated teller machines (ATMs) every day to withdraw cash, transfer funds, and perform inquiries. Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is an essential capability WANs provide to the finance and banking industry. The ability to transfer funds electronically enables numerous business and personal transactions to be performed easily and virtually immediately. Buying products, paying bills, sending money to a friend or relative are just a few examples of EFT transactions. Hunt and Vargo say that without networks, financial services throughout the world would cease (1996). Another effective WAN application involves Point of Sale (POS) data. Networks are used to link sales registers at retail outlets to centralized databases that maintain inventory balances, product descriptions and prices, and other meaningful records. As sales transactions occur, the database is updated in real time to reflect those transactions. By maintaining current and historical data, companies can keep stock levels down, make better demand projections, and generate product and customer profiles (Hunt ; Vargo, 1996). This effective use of information management can be very important when significant decisions must be made. Most would agree WANs and associated applications are definitely impacting business today. Hedda Gabler Analysis EssayWANs can help organizations attain a competitive advantage, but nowadays, use of WANs is almost mandatory just to stay in business. The cost savings associated with communication, marketing, transactions, and other business activities make the use of WANs a must have in order to ensure efficient financial management and competitive in their respective industries. Hunt and Vargo state, A company in the travel industry cannot remain competitive without access to networks (1996, p. 41). This can be applied to other industries too. Again, JCPenneys entry in the Internet market gained a competitive advantage over their competitors that didnt, but they also maintained their competitiveness with those that did. To gain an understanding of the incredible growth and impact WANs are having on the economy, the following statistics and forecasts are provided: Americans online is expected to be 194 million (68%) in 2005, from 122 million (44%) in 2000 U.S. workers with Internet access at work is expected to be 85% in 2005, from 63% in 1999 U.S. business-to-business e-commerce will rise to $6.3 trillion in 2005, from $336 billion in 2000 U.S. consumer e-commerce is expected to rise to $269 billion in 2005, from $45 billion in 2000 E-commerce this holiday season is expected to rise to $11.6 billion, from $7 billion in 1999 Online small businesses with e-commerce are expected to be 49% in 2003, compared to 34% in 2000 E-commerce is expected to represent 4.4% of the U.S. gross domestic product by 2002 (Carr, 2000). As the statistics and forecasts show, WANs and associated applications will continue to grow and significantly impact our business and economic environments. To account for the expected growth and range of use, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) recently added seven new web address suffixes to the existing dot-com, dot-net, dot-org, dot-edu, dot-mil, and dot-gov. The new ones are dot-biz, dot-aero, dot-coop, dot-info, dot-name, dot-pro, and dot-museum (McDonald, 2000). Businesses can not ignore these trends. Use of WANs and e-commerce via the Internet is becoming the industry standard for companies to become and remain competitive. This essay attempted to provide a brief description of the impact of wide area networks on business. A definition of a WAN was provided and various business applications were described. Communication methods such as the telephone and email were addressed along with marketing and financial applications. Real world examples from the travel and retail industries were also discussed. We saw how WANs were utilized by an established company like JCPenney to maintain its competitiveness, and how a new company like VarsityBooks.com gained a competitive advantage and a piece of the college textbook market. Finally, we looked at the underlying concepts behind the success of WANs. Strategic leverage was explained and how it can result in gaining a competitive advantage and/or simply maintaining a companys competitiveness. The future of WANs is bright. A.J. Strickland III and Arthur A. Thompson, Jr. provide a succinct description of the current trend. They state,Internet entrepreneurs are currently leading a revolution to revamp the value chains for providing traditional mail services, providing all sorts of information to businesses and households, for conducting meetings via cameras and computers while the attendees sit at their desks in their offices, for providing long distance telephone services via the Internet, for shopping for goods and services, for trading stocks, and on and on. They are employing virtual value chains and exploiting the new economics of doing business in the marketspace of the World Wide Web and commercial on-line services (1999). Their choice of words seems accurate. We are employing virtual value chains, there are new economics of doing business in the marketspace, and we are experiencing a revolution. The statistics revealed earlier support this. The bottom line here regarding the Internet and WANs is that usage is becoming more prevalent and diverse every day, so you better gone on board or you will be left behind!Bibliography:ReferencesAquilano, Nicholas J., Chase, Richard B., Jacobs, F. Robert. (1998). Production and Operations Management: Manufacturing and Services (Eighth Edition). Irwin/McGraw-HillBlakey, Elizabeth. (2000). Exclusive Interview: JCPenney.com. E-Commerce Times. November 19, 2000 http://www.ecommercetimes.com/success_stories/success-jcpenney.shtml Blanchard, Kenneth H., Hersey, Paul, Johnson, Dewey E. (1996). Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources (Seventh Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Carr, Laura. (2000). 100 Numbers You Need to Know. TheStandard.com. November 19, 2000 http://www.thestandard.com/article/display/0,1151,20128,00.html Hunt, Ray, Vargo, John. (1996). Telecommunications in Business: Strategy and Application. Irwin/McGraw-HillMcDonald, Tim. (2000). New Internet Domain Names Approved. NewsFactor Network.. November 19, 2000 http://www.newsfactor.com/Strickland, A.J. III Thompson, Arthur J. Jr., (1999). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases (11th Edition). Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Wilner, Joshua. (2000). Small Business Success Story: VarsityBooks.com. E-Commerce Times. November 23, 2000 http://www.ecommercetimes.com/success_stories/success-varsitybooks.shtml